The Common Occurrences Of Comorbidity Between The Disorder

Early beliefs suggest that the relationship was rare (Rutter and Hersov 1985). Warner et al (2014) emphasise that the most recent research shows otherwise and there is now a significant minority of patients with DS that make the diagnostic criteria for ASD. Moss et al (2013) state that these patients present with stereotypical behaviours which includes over activity, impulsivity and self-injurious behaviour. This could be a resulting factor as to why children and young people with learning disabilities (LD) have greater hospital admissions an greater lengths of hospital stay than children without LD (Oulton (2013). McDowell and Craven (2011) say that children with DS on average spend 2–3 times more time in hospital than those without Down’s syndrome.

Every person is commonly known for their unique personality, and the traits each of us have that are different than others. One thing many people suffer from is some Personality Disorder such as Antisocial Personality Disorder. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is a disorder that is going against and violating other people's rights (Corner, 2014). Individuals with this disorder are more found to link with a criminal history or showing signs of criminal activity (Corner, 2014). Researchers are more apt to look at a person's behavior rather than personality traits and psychopathological aspects of what caused this

Personality disorders are included as mental disorders on Axis II of the diagnostic manual of the American Psychiatric Association and in the mental and behavioral disorders section of the ICD manual of the World Health Organization Personality disorders are conditions in which an individual differs significantly from an average person, in terms of how they think, perceive, feel or relate to others. Changes in how a person feels and distorted beliefs about other people can lead to odd behavior, which can be distressing and may upset others There are three recognized personality disorder clusters, cluster A odd and eccentric, Paranoid Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder dramatic and emotional, Borderline Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder and anxious and fearful Avoidant Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Personality Disorders: Management

Department of Health and Human Services, 2016). However, as with any hypothesis for what shapes personality, antisocial PD is believed to be rooted in nature – genetics – and nurturing – environmental factors. A child could even be born with a gene linked to antisocial PD and it would not become prevalent unless a traumatic experience occurs in their life (Mayo Clinic, 2013).

Today, as many as 3.5% of children in the United States are being diagnosed with Conduct Disorders some as early as age three (Perou, et al., 2013). Research has shown that CD is a behavior that predicts Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms at age six (Harvey and Metcalfe, 2013).

Antisocial Personality Disorder is a very rare disorder. The criteria to be diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder has been changed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders throughout many years. The rareness of this disorder can be considered beneficial in the world because of the way people diagnosed with it become and what they do to others. Many people diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder find their self in prison. A variety of causes pertain to this disorder. Very few treatments of this disorder seem to work of this that has been tested. Researchers are still working on a better way to treat this disorder. The defense mechanisms associated with antisocial personality disorder are quite common and the same during the course of diagnosis.

When a counselor has a new client they are working with, the client has to be assessed. When being assessed the counselor has to determine what issues the client may have. Through being assessed, the counselor may come to realize the client has more than one issue which is called co-occurring disorders. At this point the client will have to be treated for more than one disorder to effectively overcome the problems they are facing. Within this paper one will locate the prevalence of co-occurring disorders, mental health and substance abuse

There is a spread of co-occurring disorders (CODs) seen in offenders who have committed sex crimes they include mood, substance abuse, obsessive-compulsive, antisocial, avoidant, narcissistic, paranoid personality disorders, impulse control, anxiety, and eating disorders (Guidry & Saleh, 2004). In a study done by Guidry and Saleh (2004) prevalence rates of the above mentioned CODs they include 82% were diagnosed with a mood disorder, 50% with an anxiety disorder, anxiety disorders were diagnosed at close to 40% with social phobia being the most common (Guidry & Saleh, 2004). There clinical syndromes seen in non-sexual offenders they include mania, somatoform,

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder frequently commit illegal acts like destroying property, stealing, and harassing others. They often employ manipulation and deceit to obtain profit or pleasure. The criterion of impulsivity is often seen in a lack of planning. In other words, these individuals live in the present, not thinking about the past or future. This is often seen in numerous and sudden job changes, homes, or significant others. They tend to repeatedly fight with others and commit physical assault. A reckless disregard for one’s safety and that of others is often shown by unsafe driving behavior like drunk driving, drug abuse, or high risk sex. Those diagnosed are irresponsible. For example, it is not uncommon to see erratic work history, large gaps in employment (even when employment was readily available), departing a job with no plan to get another, and repeated unexcused absences

A father who beat his children into submission, a grandfather who once strangled a baby because it would not stop crying, and a brother who threw his eight month pregnant wife into a ditch and beat her (Black, 2013, p. 134-135). The Deases family is an extreme case of ASPD and psychopathy being transferred, not all families are like this because averagely there is that 16% chance, but individually some families have higher percentages than others, as was the case with the Deases. ASPD can also be influenced by: “bad parenting, defective genes, childhood trauma, poverty—are a few of the proposed causes […],” however, this disorder usually arises from an combination of different causes (Black, 2013, p. 132). The idea that children who are young and impressionable are more than likely going to pick up habits that their parents exhibit, even if those habits are poor ones (Black, 2013, p. 132).

Anti-social personality disorder (ASPD) is described as someone who lacks moral or ethical development is unable to follow correct methods of behavior, finds ways to be deceitful, has no qualms in shamelessly manipulating others and tended to have had behavioral problems as a child. According to the DSM-5 only individuals over 18 can be diagnosed with ASPD and the symptoms must have been shown prior to 15. ASPD can be confused with psychopathy and although they have some overlap they are different. ASPD places heavy emphasis on observable behaviors such as lying, getting into fights, or failing to honor financial obligations (Hooley, p.356). With psychopathy, more emphasis is paid to personality characteristics such as superficial charm, lack of empathy, and manipulativeness. It seems that no matter how you look at it ASPD is affected by genes and the environment. The effects and interactions of ASPD that was once seen as simply unidirectional- family to child is now being understood that the effects can be bi directional going both ways.

To an untrained observer, ODD may appear as the mildest form of the three disorders; however, this misunderstanding is based on observations of a limited set of behaviors that are characteristic of ASPD which do not apply to ODD. ODD is an early onset disorder, and as such, the behaviors characteristic of the disorder are characteristic of children: angry or irritable moods, argumentative or defiant behavior, and vindictiveness. These behaviors are not present in ASPD or CD. In fact, the defining characteristic that separates the behaviors observed in ODD and CD disorders is that the behaviors observed in CD impedes the basic rights of others or violate the major age-appropriate societal norms but ODD exhibit internalized behaviors that may simply annoy

My hypothesis on conduct disorder in children can lead to criminal activity in adulthood. The research that was conducted from this question was that of Memorial University of Newfoundland, the Department of Psychology. Sampson and Laub (1997) discussed conduct disorder as not being a single cause of adult criminal behavior, but instead the start to what they termed as a life of “cumulative disadvantage”. The conduct disorder might indeed be the initial cause of problems, but may be replaced by the effects of disapproving, negative reactions from others.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association, 2013) defines personality disorders as a pattern of internal experience and behavior that greatly differs from what is normally expected in the person’s culture. They are also considered omnipresent and inflexible that is stable and causes both distress and impairment. Antisocial personality disorder is a severe disorder of personality. It is a disorder that helps compromise the dramatic, emotional, or erratic disorders, also known as the Cluster B disorders. The Cluster B disorders are also composed of borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and histrionic personality disorder. The

Before being recently combined under one umbrella diagnosis of ASD there are a few specific subtypes of ASD (“What is Autism,” n.d.). These distinctive subtypes of ASD are autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and Asperger syndrome (“What is Autism,” n.d.). Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) was one of the distinctive subtypes of ASD. In addition, Childhood disintegrative disorder is a rare disorder that typically affects males (Ryan, Hughes, Katsiyannis, McDaniel, and Sprinkle, 2011). Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) is defined by a period of time where normal development is occurring associated with an increase in the appearance of Autism Spectrum Disorder related symptoms including loss of motor, social, and language skills and these symptoms usually develop between 3 and 4 years old (Ryan, Hughes, Katsiyannis,