The Common Rule and Human Research Essay

IRB is an abbreviation for the institutional review board. Informed by the need to review human biomedical and behavioral research to the mutual benefit of the researcher and the sample population oversight, responsibilities have to be designated to an impartial body. In light of this, the IRB is also commonly referred to as the independent ethics committee or the ethical review board. Indeed, biomedical and behavioral research on humans is not a light discipline as some of the research tenets border on life and death. It is thus important to evaluate whether the

Today there are many more laws and steps to take in order to conduct a study with human subjects and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study would never be approved in today's society due to the many violations to human rights that this study would incur. The study would still violate the Henderson Act as well as the Declaration of Helsinki and in addition would violate several other newly developed guidelines. The National Organization for Human Services has created a set of standards that human service workers should abide by. A human service worker has a responsibility to treat their clients with respect and dignity as well as looking out for their safety (NOHS, 2005). A human service worker has an obligation to avoid any type of treatment or experiment that would put the client in harm's way.

WHAT IS RESEARCH? It is a planned process whereby information is collected for a specific purpose, analysed and reported.

Based from this experiments, The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research was submitted in April 18,1979 to …….? (“Impact,” n.d.).

Throughout the history of psychological studies unprincipled violations have constructed ethical standards that are essential in today’s research. These moral dilemmas created established professional and federal standards for performing research with human and animal participants, known as, psychological ethical codes. The Tuskegee syphilis study and the Stanford prison experiment highlighted a psychological study without proper patients’ consent and appropriate treatment, resulting in a research disaster with unethical incidents.

Overall, the IRB exists to prevent unethical research from being conducted on humans. The goal is to prevent the past from repeating itself such as the Tuskegee study and the Henrietta Lack’s

Tuskegee – The doctors violated this principle by not informing the study subjects of the details of the study itself. The subjects were informed they were going to be treated for “bad blood” (CDC, 2015). At the time “bad blood” could have meant syphilis or it could have meant anemia or fatigue. None of the patients received treatment to cure their illness. Additionally, none were ever informed that they were in fact part of a study to document how syphilis progresses when left untreated. These were autonomous men who had vital information withheld from them while being subjects in a research study.

In 1974, the National Research Act was signed into law. This led to the creation of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of the Biomedical and Behavioral Research. This policy change involved new principles to govern research conduct and ways through which these principles were to be followed. Also in addition, laws were passed in 1974 that required researchers to get adequate, voluntary and informed consent from all persons taking part in studies done or funded by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (DHEW). A law was also made to make it a requirement that all researches involving human subjects be reviewed by Institutional Review Boards.

The first type of research that is used in the field of sociology is experiment research. Experiment research involves creating an experiment based off an hypothesis to answer an question. The scientific method is used to keep the experiment on track and follow a set of guidelines. This experiment is done in a controlled setting in which the design of the experiment is to answer the hypothesis. Data is gathered based on what the participants do or act during the experiment. The data gathered is quantitative, in which the data gathered is expressed in numbers. There are both benefits and limitations of

In 1932, researchers from Tuskegee University conducted a study of the effects of syphilis on untreated subjects. Six-hundred sharecroppers from Alabama, 399 that had previously contracted the disease and 201 that had not, were studied and not treated for syphilis even when Penicillin was found to be an effective cure. This continued until 1972, when information was leaked and the study ended. In response, Congress passed the National Research Act, which stated guidelines for human research and created Institutional Review Boards (IRB). Institutional Review Boards were created to protect subjects of human research, but their authority is so broad that they do more harm than good. They license the research of scientists and have total control

What is the research method (i.e.: survey, participant observation, experiment, secondary sources) used by the researchers?

Research technique gathering information from a sample of people using questionnaires (which will be utilized later for primary data).

of high quality ingredients and avoidance of artificial ingredients or preservatives, as this is one

The data collection methods for the research study are by nonparticipant observation, so the researcher will not be directly involved

What I have learned about research is that it is a process, a scientific process that psychologist and scientist develop that includes many different approaches and that is carefully peer reviewed and evaluated. There is what is called the Scientific Approach where scientist have an idea or theory and based on their observation will either support the theory or the theory can be falsified by their peers. Data also goes through a review period before it is published in a scientific journal by scientist who have the knowledge and expertise to evaluate it.