The Complications Associated With Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm )

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic dysfunctional metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels (Hyperglycemia). Currently, the causes of this disease may be an inadequate amount of insulin produced by the pancreas, cells in the body are resistant to insulin, and the pancreas producing less insulin than average. There are two main types of diabetes: Type I and Type II. Primary care physicians and endocrinologistendocrinologists can provide guidelines on diseases and treatment for each type of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus, secondary to pancreatic disease (type 3C), is a condition rarely considered in everyday practice.

"Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but a group of disorders with glucose intolerance in common" (McCance 674). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar) and results from defective insulin production, secretion, and utilization. There are many forms of diabetes. "Diabetes increases the risk of heart and blood vessel disease, amputation, infections, kidney damage, eye problems (including blindness), and nerve malfunction" (Husain). I will

It is estimated that 387 million people, globally live with diabetes (Phillips & Mehl, 2015). According to Medical News Today [MNT], diabetes is a metabolic disorder; which causes patients to be extremely thirsty and produce a lot of urine. Diabetes arises due to high blood pressure, due to the body not being able to produce enough insulin or because the body does not respond well to high insulin levels (MNT, 2016). There are four types of diabetes; there is the pre-diabetic stage, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes. In 2014, 29 million people died due to diabetes. This equates to 1 diabetic patient dying every seven seconds due to preventable complications (including complications affecting lower limbs) caused by diabetes. It is said that 20-40% of health care costs are spent on the treatment of lower limb complications due to diabetes. The risk of a diabetic patient developing a foot ulcer is 25% and foot ulcers account approximately 85% of lower limb amputations. Diabetic complications that affect lower limbs are caused by both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (Phillips & Mehl, 2015). It is said that the World Health Organization described diabetic foot syndrome as including all possible complications in relation to the feet of a diabetic patient. Diabetic foot syndrome is defined as the ulceration of the foot, from the ankle downwards. Causes of foot ulceration include peripheral sensory neuropathy, vascular disease (ischaemia) and infection

As the years go by, society starts to progress and develop many fast and easy solutions for everything. Not only are the easy solutions being created but the cost of living is increasing making people to work harder and later and not have time to have a healthy lifestyle. Fast foods are everywhere you go and not only is it fast it is also cheap making it harder to get a decent healthy meal. Due to society changing so much, diabetes is on the rise. What is diabetes? Diabetes is several diseases that are characterized by high levels of glucose that are the results of the insulin action or production. “The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.” (CDC) If diabetes is not taken seriously, it can have severe damages that include organ failures or damages and even death.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by consistently elevated blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action, or both. 1 Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long term organ damage, especially the heart, eyes, nerves, kidneys, and blood vessels. 2

Diabetes Mellitus is the metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of blood glucose that is caused by deficiency of production of insulin, action of insulin, or may be both of them. The uncontrollable output of hepatic glucose and reduced uptake of glucose by the skeletal muscle with reduced synthesis of glycogen lead to hyperglycaemia. Diabetes is a complicated disease; it can affect mostly every organ of our body and causes devastating consequences.

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common microvascular complications in diabetes and can result in foot ulceration, ampuation and an impaired quality of life(Carrington AL, et al 2002,Boulton AJ,et al 2004). The reported prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy ranges from 16% to as high as 66%2 and its prevelance is believed to increase with the duration of diabetes and poor glucose control.(Boulton AJ.et al 2000) It’s accounts for 50–75% of non-traumatic amputations in diabetic patients.(Holzer SE, et al 1998, Boulton AJM, 1998,Malay DS, et al 2006)

Uncontrolled blood sugar levels irritate the skin tissue causing it to break down and exposing the layer underneath (Kim, 2016). The most common sites are on your big toes and balls of your feet, and they can affect your feet down to the bones. According to Steven Kim (2016), diabetic ulcers are commonly caused by poor circulation, high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), and nerve damage. Poor blood circulation would not allow adequate blood flow to the feet, therefore making it difficult for ulcer to heal. Hyperglycemia can decrease the wound healing process of a diabetic foot ulcer, so blood glucose management is critical for all diabetic patients (Kim, 2016). Nerve damage/ peripheral neuropathy can result in loss of sensation in the feet due to repetitive stress. Damaged nerves can feel tingly and painful at first, but eventually results in loss of sensation which can lead to painless wounds that can cause ulcers (Kim, 2016). Thus, when patients come in with diabetic foot ulcers it is beneficial to know the cause, so the health care team can determine the course of

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease in which blood glucose, or sugar, levels in the body are above normal. When we eat food it is turned into glucose and our bodies use it for energy. The pancreas is an organ that makes a

Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of developing primarily vascular complications that contribute to morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients. Poor glycaemic control leads to vascular complications that affect large (macrovascular), small (microvascular) vessels or both. Macrovascular complications include coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and stroke. Microvascular complications contribute to diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage), nephropathy (kidney disease) and retinopathy (eye disease).

This can lead to loss of sensation in the limbs and causing deformities in the limbs like Charcoat’s joints. Damage to the nerves can also affect the gastrointestinal tract and result in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. These problems might affect KK activity of daily living (ADL’s), school attendance and works in the future. Thus, the school and future employer should be well informed regarding this matter to. Diabetes patient usually have poor immune system and are susceptible to infection. Left untreated, cuts and blisters can become serious infections, which often heal poorly and may ultimately require toe, foot or leg

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main

Management involves establishing that the neuropathy is caused by diabetes instead of other underlying causes and aiming for strict glycemic control. Many diabetics suffer amputations to limbs as a result of diabetic neuropathy. "The symptoms typically start in the toes, gradually ascending to the lower limbs. In advanced cases, it spreads to the upper limbs (glove-stocking sensation) and also the abdominal wall (Rajan , 2013)." Diabetics are prone to having diminished circulation in their limbs. Diabetes causes the blood vessels of the feet and legs to narrow and harden. Some of the causes of increasingly diminished blood flow can be controlled, such as smoking, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. " In addition to being a diabetic, the risk of developing and progression of diabetic neuropathy also depends on the duration of diabetes, glycemic control, presence of comorbidities like hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and smoking (Rajan, 2013). One of the consequences of poor circulation is a slowed or insufficient healing process. This problem requires diligent inspection of the feet especially. Poor circulation and thus poor healing often leads to wounds that are more prone to becoming infected. If a wound is not felt, it is often noticed only when it has already become seriously

Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar)1 . In 2011 The American Diabetes Association repoted a 25.8 million people in America living with diabetes 2. Diabetes is a illness that can be caused by the body not being able to produce enough insulin and or cells in the body not responding adequately to the insulin provided. Insulin which is produced by the pancrease, regulates the amount of glucose (which provieds energy to all cells) in the blood.

Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body 's ability to use the energy found in food. There are