The Concentration Of The Wastewater

2. To titrate a hydrochloric acid solution of “known” concentration with standardized 0.5M sodium hydroxide.

Water and Gatorade both had pH’s that eventually decreased. The three Gatorade urine samples started at a pH of 6.7 for the first measurement while the second and third both had a pH of 6.0. The urine samples from water had its first two measurements both at 6.5 and the third dropped to 6.0. Coke remained constant at 6.0 for all three measurements. The pH for coffee and the control increased over time. The pH for the first two of the coffee samples were both 6.5 and the third went up to 7.0. Lastly, the first control sample was 6.0 and went up to 6.5 for the second. (Figure

ii. The second part of the titration series involves titration of NaOH with Hydrochloric acid (HCL). Again, three reps of titration and a blank titration have to be completed. A volumetric pipet is used to measure 10.00mL of HCL into three labeled conical flasks. Then the flasks are filled with deionized water until about the 50mL mark. A buret is

The 1 mL was then added to 9mL springwater to create the first 10 mL solution of 10 mM. The next group took 1 mL from this solution and dilute it further in 9 mL of water. This process continued for each group after. Each group took 1 mL from the previous solution until all of the concentrations were

Using Graph 1: The Volume of Titrant Added in order to reach the Endpoint and the Corresponding pH Values, observe the vertical line of each titration and see the points in which the horizontal lines intersect it. These points give the

There are many errors that could have been made during the process of this lab. One random error that could have been made was an error in recognizing a colour change in the sample, and stopping the titrant at the same point in the colour change every time. This error would change our data to some extent, as all the amounts of used titrant recorded would be slightly different than the actual amount needed for a colour change. This error would make our final amounts of NaOH needed incorrect, making our labs data unreliable and inaccurate. A systematic error that could have been made was misreading the volume of titrant in the burette. Due to parallax error, it is possible we may have misread the volume of titrant to begin with in the burette, and the amount used after titration. This error would have given us false data for how much titrant was used for each titration, making our data incorrect, and therefore unreliable for further use.

Possible sources of error could be related to how the collected pH of the solutions may not have been

First, three titration curves and three second derivative curves were created to determine the average pH at the half-equivalence point from the acetic acid titrations. Titration curves were used as visuals to portray buffer capacity. The graphs and a table, Table 1, that showcased the values collected were created and included below. The flat region, the middle part, of Figures 1, 2 and 3, showed the zone at which the addition of a base or acid did not cause changes in pH. Once surpassed, the pH increased rapidly when a small amount of base, NaOH, was added to the buffer solution. Using the figures below and

The following Figure 4.16 shows the outcomes of the experiment. Based on the figure above, it is clearly showed that the trend line was gradually increased before it dropped after achieved at one maximum point. This maximum point, pH 6 was the optimum pH for the turbidity removal for this water sample. Note that the final pH of treated water

A concentration scale was developed to help determine which collection points where most likely to have an excess of septic effluent flowing into them. The concentration scale was made using data from the ACE sweetener and ranges from 14 to 17 μg/L. Based on this range it was determined that up to 4.7% of river seeps and

Considering the water quality, the total wastewater discharged into the reservoir-reach amounts to 1.2 billion tons annually (Wang, 2002). TGP does not generate pollution itself but it will aggravate the pollution belts, because of higher water level and slower velocity. The Chinese government decided that all the industrial pollutants must be treated to reach the (official) discharge standards by 2000. A number of small enterprises that discharge heavy pollution, such as paper mills, have already closed down, and the central government will invest a large sum to build a series of large wastewater treatment plants in Chongqing City, Wanxian City, Fuling City and Yichang City. In addition, the catchment management, pre-impoundment clearing

(d) Procedure is flexible and can be customized as per desires (for nitrogen elimination etc.).

Severodvinsk has its economy based on industry, mainly in shipbuilding yards, civilian vessels construction and repair, manufacture of marine tools and the most important submarine, nuclear submarines and military equipment. Severodvinsk is situated on the shore of two different water sources: White Sea and Northen Dvine River.

The disposal of untreated wastewater coming from the industries into the water bodies will pollute the water bodies because of its high concentrations. So, the wastewater produced from the industry should be treated properly to meet the permissible limits given by central and state pollution control boards. Therefore it is necessary to treat the wastewater properly with the help of an appropriate treatment plant. However, the treatment plant even though properly planned may not work satisfactory because of several reasons. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the treatment plant considering individual treatment unit in the entire treatment flow. In the present work emphasis has been given to the study of the performance of treatment facilities because of its importance in the conventional treatment of wastewater. Hence, the literature review related to the evaluation of the entire treatment process along with biological treatment process particularly suspended growth process Activated Sludge Process (ASP), attached growth process Trickling Filter (TF) and a combination of the both suspended and attached growth process Hybrid Reactor (HR) is presented in the following sections of this chapter.

The disposal of untreated wastewater coming from the industries into the water bodies will pollute the water bodies because of its high concentrations. So, the wastewater produced from the industry should be treated properly to meet the permissible limits given by central and state pollution control boards. Therefore it is necessary to treat the wastewater properly with the help of an appropriate treatment plant. However, the treatment plant even though properly planned may not work satisfactory because of several reasons. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the treatment plant considering individual treatment unit in the entire treatment flow. In the present work emphasis has been given to the study of the performance of treatment facilities because of its importance in the conventional treatment of wastewater. Hence, the literature review related to the evaluation of the entire treatment process along with biological treatment process particularly suspended growth process Activated Sludge Process (ASP), attached growth process Trickling Filter (TF) and a combination of the both suspended and attached growth process Hybrid Reactor (HR) is presented in the following sections of this chapter.