The Concept Of Federal-Level Inducements And Constraints

Birkland, T. A. 2001. “An Introduction to the Policy Process: Theories, Concepts, and Model of Public Policy Making’. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.

There are a variety of differences and similarities between federal, state, and local governments. This includes, but is not limited to, the responsibilities, size, and staff of the administration. The machinery of government is intended to better the quality of citizen’s lives. Ultimately, federal, state, and local governments were established to work together in bettering programs and laws (Berkley & Rouse, 2009, p.32).

To define the terminology of federalism to a simplistic way is the sharing of sovereignty between the national government and the local government. It is often described as the dual sovereignty of governments between the national and the local to exert power in the political system. In the US it is often been justified as one of the first to introduce federalism by the ‘founding fathers’ which were developed in order to escape from the overpowered central government. However, federalism in the United States is hitherto uncertain where the power lies in the contemporary political system. In this essay I will outline and explain how power relationship alternates between states and federal government. Moreover I will also discuss my

This paper is a review of chapter’s one (1), two (2) and three (3) in Thomas A. Birklands (2016) fourth edition regarding policy process. The reading attempts to define and show what is meant by policy process, how government, politics and the public are intertwined, problems that are associated with the policy process and how we address the problems. Current day events as well as past history are applied to the practice of policy process which assists in defining the process and highlighting its connection and importance. Thomas A. Birklands refers to the Clinton administration, the Obama administration and the George W. Bush administration, the DARE Program, World War II, and the Vietnam War, in the chapters and leads us down a path discussing

* Capacity can be created when the organization leads others to believe that a person has certain authority.

Federalism may be described as a system of government that features a separation of powers and functions between the state and national governments. This system has been used since the very founding of the United States. The constitution defines a system of dual federalism, which ensures sovereignty of the state and national governments. This is put in place in order to limit the national government’s power. However, the Great Depression of 1929 greatly weakened the nation’s economic systems. President Roosevelt made many changes in the relationship between the national and state governments, thus revolutionizing our understanding of federalism, through the New Deal. This essay seeks to explore the changes and attributes that define

Having analyzed the historical background of the need to identify policy alternatives, it is then critical to have an overview of the stakeholders and policy networks involved in the formulation and identification of policy

There are many reasons why over the past few years many citizens have grown dissatisfied with the federal bureaucracy. Many believe that the system has become bogged down the numerous layers of red tape, its personnel systems are out of date, the presidential appointments process is too complex and slow, and pay and promotions are based on favoritism. These thoughts only became more prevalent in 2014 as the Obama administration had yet to do as it promised and overhaul the bureaucracy. Once that became apparent citizens satisfaction officially dropped far below its high point set right after 9/11 (Magleby, Light, Nemacheck, 2015).

Coordination is a critical complement to structure in facilitating successful organizational performance because coordination ensures that all the expertise comes together to make sure every problem gets solved and nothing slips by. A government corporation is an organization that performs public functions but operate like private companies and have a profit-and-loss bottom line which amesk them from independent and cabinet agencies because . The advantage of this type of agency is that they have some degree of independence from presidential control and have a greater amount of autonomy and flexibility. Field offices are an office set in a different area than a main base or national office.

Policy diffusion is the study of policy adoption and why state and national governments make certain decisions that they make, and how those decisions affect policy adoption. The Policy Diffusion Framework examines how the influence of neighboring states and other governments influence each other to implement different policies. The Framework is a resource policy practitioners use to contrast and explain policy innovation and what factors or constraints lead government to adopt new policies.

Authoritative structure and administrations capacity should coordinate to meet the necessity of undertaking that is plan, built, run and closed

In spite of the policy cycle tool, it is not as easy to develop or implement new policy as there are many factors influencing it. The process of policy development involves many participants and individual stake holders. It also involves various areas which will be affected due to the new policy development and implementation. According to Hardee, Feranil, Boezwinkle and Clark (2004) policy circle involves six different stages and involves various parties who are working together for the new policy development. However, it is

Introducing Chapter 4, the author explains how federalism is a fundamental part of U.S government and how it gives equal power to both national and state governments. “History indicates clearly that the principal factor in the formation of federal systems of government has been a common external threat.” The authors’ quote informs the reader that people have always been weary of a strong, national government and that there is always a constant

Good policy is integral to efficient and effective business in any organisation. In the public sector, public policy is continually created, updated and programmed by Government, Local Councils and public servants. Not all who are tasked to propose policies have an established technical background in politics or proficiency in the policy field. Often the process of policy making is complex and ongoing, thus intricate and involving several interest groups/stakeholders where evidence, advice and interest can be compromised. Since policies are context related, they are heavily entrenched by national, political, social and cultural consideration. As a result, the need for guidance in writing Policies has been evident.

The fourth phase is the policy implementation stage. This is a crucial step in the policy making process as government actualizes the decisions made into a reality. This phase requires the cooperation of all stakeholders and the public administration staff involved, if the policy is to be a success. According to (Ile, et al., 2012, pg. 12) “there should be recognition that policy is iterative in nature and activities may be complicated by the nature of the public administration environment.” Additionally this stage involves various programmes and activities to achieve the objectives of the policy. Lastly with the integrated model to public policy the implementation stage is founded on the five protocols, namely, content, context, commitment, clients and coalition and capacity.