The Concept Of New Racism

Racism is a socially constructed concept used by multiple groups of people and creates a hierarchy of sorts based purely on the color of a person’s skin or their cultural origins. It has been an idea that has existed since the beginnings of civilization. A more modern iteration of this concept was made prominent in the 16th century as European settlers began to explore different areas of the world, specifically areas in or around Africa. But slavery can be seen back in the 1500s all the way to 1880 and was most likely a leading example of what helped define racism up to the 20th century. In Ali Rattansi’s book, “Racism: A Very Short Introduction” , the author connects how slavery and race are closely tied together. European explorers would ignore the cultures the invaded in order to see these people as nothing more than native groups that were meant to be seen in a subservient role. Slavery would continue to grow across the Atlantic and seen as an institution that created large amounts of wealth for those who could reap the benefits from it. As long as money was being made, slavery persisted and was justified. Race and racism was conceived the way it was because the slave owning system was controlled by European colonizers.

The anecdotal instances of racism in Rankin’s Citizen together demonstrates the existence of a structural form of racism. The anecdotes demonstrates that if a person is of colour they suffer different treatment which distinguish them to be an ‘other’ type of person. The idea behind these racist encounters can be further categorized into three categories: overt racism, covert racism, and institutional racism, and these ideas together form the basis behind structural racism.

It has been many decades since the end of enslaving African-Americans in the United States of America and the laws – since then – have tried to impede discrimination of all kinds especially racial profiling. The debate of racism has never stopped even in January 20th, 2009 when the American nation elected its forty-fourth president of the United States who was the first African-American president in the entire American History. “Racism is over,” many people became very excited and delighted, “America had chosen a black man to lead the nation, there is no more racism.” However, a lot of undesired incidents that occurred after that in many states between white police officers and young African-American individuals have made this concept questionable that it might be tightly related and connected to racism, or in other words, racial bias. In his article “The New Threat: Racism without Racists,” This article was published on the official webpage of the CNN to target a group of people who do not believe that racism still exists, and that it is the main reason behind many crimes committed by police officers against minorities specially the incident of Ferguson, Missouri and the murder of Michael Brown the eighteen-year-old African-American. John Blake enumerates much evidence and quotes many researchers and activists in order to insist that racism has become more natural and impulsive rather than an intended behavior towards minorities. Moreover, this article might target other

Racial discrimination has persisted in American societies from the oppressiveness of servitude to lawful seclusion. Digressing in severity, Americans are presently burdened with the modern manifestation of those years of racial intolerance and prejudice - a new definition of racism. While slavery and lawful segregation, such as Jim Crow Laws, are a thing of the past – by less than a century – racism is still an intrinsic societal problem that has subliminally permeated American culture. A 1947 study to determine the racial preference of “Negro” children exemplified the preference Caucasian and African American children, of all skin pigmentations, had for white baby dolls, which were inherently more beautiful and desirable (Clark and Clark p. 169-78). Variations of this study repeated as late as 2010, show little improvement of this perception that a white baby doll is more desirable and attractive than a colored baby doll (Cooper).

The Author Marable defines “multiculturalism” as “the recognition that our nation’s cultural heritage that does not begin and end with the intellectual and aesthetic products of Western Europe, rather multiculturalism rejects the model of cultural assimilation and social conformity.” However, Multiculturalism is often been misinterpreted, Marable according to him said that, the “melting pot” never existed.

The Oxford English Dictionary describes racism as “prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a group or individual of a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is superior”. It is significant when concerning oneself with the discussion of racism that a clear and concise distinction is made between the two different types of racism. Firstly there is individual racism. It is defined by overt acts carried out by an individual which can, in extreme cases; result in the death of the victim immediately. However it can also cause destruction of property, assaults, and verbal abuse and

Exploring and Defining Racism Works Cited Missing To define racism it is important to firstly define race. Race is defined as "a group characterized by closeness of common descent and usually also by some shared physical distinctiveness, such as colour of skin" (source: Modern Thought - Bullock and Stallybrass). Racism can be defined as "a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to rule others" In the name of protecting their race from

In the essay, “No Place like home” by Neil Bissondath argues that although multiculturalism has emphasized differences it has also created a divide. Canada is seen to have a record of racism, that shows an ongoing separation in Quebec. This would also include sexism, and various forms of discrimination that are tied in with racism. Till today, people are discriminated on their physical appearance. As multiculturalism grows in Canada racism becomes to be a problem to some. Bissondath goes on to say that although there is a damage of multiculturalism, many Canadians need to, “pursue acceptance of others-not mere tolerance of them” (Bissondath, Page 307). What is meant to be said by that quote is, Canadians need to learn to accept other’s rather than parting ways due to someone’s color, race, or their appearance. However, Will Kymlicka says in his essay, the more multiculturalism the better. Kymlicka says that immigrants are supportive and that they have

Racism is a global issue that is perpetuated by our ever-globalizing environment. With increased communication technologies cultures from continents that are oceans apart are now able to meet (Hogan 2012). More specifically within Australia racism has been the burden of the Indigenous people of Australia, since the countries discovered by the British. Indigenous Australians have been subject to policies and laws sort to convert them to integrate into the newly pronounced white country (Finlayson, J & Martin, D 2012).

Furthermore, she argues that Canada’s official multiculturalism policy was enacted as a solution to the crisis of whiteness that had emerged in the post-war era. It reconstitutes reconstituting whiteness as a culturally tolerant cosmopolitan whiteness, thus leading to the erasure of Canada’s colonial and imperialist history. She also maintains that the policy categorizes people of colour culturally and has thus led to the reconfiguration of race as culture and cultural identity – to the extent that minorities reproduce their own classification according to culturalism terms. She criticizes multiculturalism for the othering of immigrants in relation to the dominant white nationalist identity as well as for denouncing the claims and rights of Aboriginal

In Racist America author Joe Feagin confronts the passive attitude, held by many in the Anglo culture in America, towards racism. This is the third edition of the title specifically revised for undergraduate and graduate use in studies. It deals in depth with the historical, political and economic foundations of racism and white supremacy. It adds a rich breath of knowledge on the subject matter, and an expert knowledge in addressing the issues we will be discussing throughout the writing.

The Home Office (2013) stated that the definition of racially motivated victimisation is “any incident, including any crime, which is perceived by the victim or any other person to be motivated by a hostility or prejudice, based on a person’s race or perceived race”. The definition of race has been widely contested by different academics such as Omi and Winant (1986) who developed the Racial Formation theory, a theory that claimed that race is something that is fluid, where "the racial order is organized and enforced by the continuity and reciprocity between micro-level and macro-level of social relations" (p.67), which suggest that race is determined by how we interact with others and the social structures and common ideologies of a society (p.66-67). Whilst anthropologists follow a different discourse of race, which suggest that race is a static and unchanging concept based purely on physical and genetic criteria (Cartmill, 1998). Specific races have historically experienced racially motivated crimes and prejudice, such as Jews and Black people. In addition, the term immigration can be seen as a coded word for race/racism due to the racialization of immigrants (Morosanu et al, 2012), the impact of immigration and the negative stereotype will be discussed in this essay to achieve an understanding of the origin of racially motivated victimisation. Furthermore, this essay will evaluate the nature and extent of racially motivated victimisation by discussing the various ways

Racism has become a highly ambiguous term that includes a plethora of meanings. It has even been redesignated as ‘new’ racism, a notion coined by Martin Barker in 1981. This novel form of racism targets various cultural practices that exclude minorities, rather than merely focusing on biological determiners or white superiority. Or, as Kryzanowski & Wodak (2017) put it:

Trump. Brexit. Charlottesville. Stringent immigration quotas. All are directly and indirectly sited by Zadie Smith in “On Optimism and Despair” as occurrences that seek to engage multiculturalism in oppressive fashion. Despite these examples that carry a deterring nature about them, Smith hesitantly concludes multiculturalism lives within society, just in an unpredictable and undesirable manner. These unanticipated events pose an obstruction to Smith’s theorized society in which multiculturalism thrives within each population, as described and given breath in her novel, “White Teeth.” However, even though I agree with Smith in her assertion of a fledgling but present multiculturalism, I would contend that when these situations of infamous oppression arises, multiculturalism’s strength propels.

As the 2008 presidential election proceeded to break racial barriers in America, many people have come to believe that racism in America no longer exists since we now have a Black president. However, This could not be anything further from the truth. When many people think of racism, they think of blunt discriminatory actions made against people of color. Thoughts of segregation and the Ku Klux Klan probably come to mind when people envision what racism may look like. Since many of this is now considered illegal or less evident in today’s society, many people may believe that racism is no longer a major issue. Racism in today’s society, however, is constructed differently. Robert M. Entman notes that American society has changed from “traditional to modern racism” (206). Modern racism is more complex within our political and social systems. So how does racism still exist you ask? Racism still exists in our society because minorities remain to be the largest group of people who are unemployed, disadvantaged in their ability to obtain a decent education, and misrepresented by the media.