The Conflict Between India And Pakistan

The ideology of Pakistan was two-nation theory, according to which, Muslims and Hindus are two distinct nations from every aspect of their lives. One of the core reasons of the separation of the Subcontinent was that, post colonial Indian state failed to offer reasonable options to its Muslims minority to sustain in India. Therefore, the problem of minority rights was the cutting edge of all the political debates revolving around the formation of Pakistan.

“The argument for Pakistan was simply that Hindus and Muslims were not two different religious communities but two separate nations” (Varshney 434), meaning that this divide was a denser than many might view it. The relations between both groups influenced the judgements of India’s founders and constitution-makers, given that it was one of the most traumatic periods in the history of India’s twentieth-century due to the millions of deaths that were accompanied by partition. These constitution-makers had to face four main issues: the relationship between religion and the state, separate electorates, religiously given personal laws, and educational institutions. The overall goal of the new nation was to put an end to the Hindu-Muslim violence, provide minorities a stake in the new nation and also reduce their fears of losing their identities. They wanted to do so in a way that would not deepen the divide that already existed, but that would unite them instead (Varshney

India had finally gained independence after 350 years of British presence. The plan for partition began when Britain ultimately handed over self-governance to India. After receiving its independence, India was further separated due to religious tensions between Muslims and Hindus living together. Because of these conflicts, Pakistan was formed the following day on August 15, 1947. Under the Mountbatten Plan, India was formed out of mostly Hindu regions and Pakistan was created out of the primarily Muslim regions. Pakistan was formed into two dominions: East Pakistan and West Pakistan. At the beginning of their independence, both countries dealt with both ruined lands and economies. The partition ended up leaving both Pakistan and India distraught. Riots erupted, looting broke out, women were raped, and over 15 million refugees were forced into unfamiliar regions. These refugees crossed borders into regions of the two new countries that were completely foreign to them. Women were raped and abused by both Muslims and Hindus, and each day trains filled with beaten women and children would arrive between the borders of Pakistan and India.

The 1935 Government Act of India proposes more governmental reforms and allows for an assembly made up of Indian but it is rejected by Indian nationalists who want dominion status granted to them immediately. Beginning in 1946, the Muslim League begins to advocate for an independent Muslim state, which causes widespread panic. India receives its independence from Great Britain in 1947 but as their last major act the British governors separate India into two new countries: India and Pakistan. Many people are forced to leave their homes in order to get to the new country and refugees become an issue in both countries. Widespread fighting breaks out along the borders as people try to get to the country that corresponds with their religion. The new governments struggle to agree on who will get what parts of the natural resources, military and financial resources along with the regions of Jammu and Kashmir. Great Britain sold Kashmir to a maharajah during the colonial era and as they were withdrawing, gave him the option to going to either country. Most other states sided with religions but Kashmir was ruled by a Hindu yet had a predominantly Muslim population. The maharajah hesitates and is forced to leave the region. He signs over the territory to India and Pakistan sends troops to protect the Muslims in that area. War breaks out and continues for three years until a ceasefire is declared and

the nation had split up into 2 separate countries- Muslim majority Pakistan and Hindu majority

India was separated by Hindus and Muslims in the past but now the new Muslim state Pakistan was a new home for the Muslims. There were Hard rioting and people died up to an estimated half a million people. About a million people were homeless... Since the British left, the land of Jammu and Kashmir was remained with violence.

Kashmir is conflict territory after the partition of India and Pakistan. Conflict is not only between India and Pakistan but also India and the religious militants. Religious Militants are conducting a jihad to govern by the religious law. Historically, Kashmir included Sufis Muslim not orthodox Muslim. Numerous international events had influenced in the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in Kashmir. Jihad is not originally from Kashmir but they are foreign militancy bought during the end of the Soviet –Afghanistan War. Additionally, they are trained in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pakistan Inter service Intelligence helped them to incorporate into organized militant groups. Pakistan helped Jihad group with full moral,

The issue between the two religions date back before Great Britain colonized the country. In 1846, a Hindu Maharaja ruled the land. His distain for the Muslim population led to poor living conditions. Although the majority of the population was Muslim, The current ruling class was Hindus. As tension between the two cultures grew, so did the difficulty maintaining control. The Muslim population wanted to be separated from the king, which led to the beginning of Pakistan. This separation seemed like a logical solution to the British. The land was then partition the created the countries of Pakistan and India. In the middle of turmoil, Great Britain struggled to maintain control. Great Britain’s colonization of the Kashmir region lasted from 1858 to 1947. Great Britain withdrew their claim to Kashmir and India gained its independence in 1947 (Potter

The Indo-Pakistani war of 1947 was the very first war fought between the two counties over Jammu and Kashmir. The war began when Pakistan sent troops from Waziristan into Kashmir in order to obtain their land. When the king of Kashmir, Hari Singh, realized what Pakistan was doing to Kashmir, he pleaded with India for help. “Tensions exploded in October 1947 when the Pathan Muslims of Poonch rebelled against the Hindu landowners of Kashmir. On October 22, Pakistan sent troops into the region, brutally taking Muzaffarabad and Uri, burning a swath of destruction wherever they marched, and killing Hindu civilians,”(“Indo-Pakistani War, 1947-1948,”, n.d.). Indian government made a legal document called the Instrument of Accession stating that they

Since 1947 when India gained independence from British rule and Pakistan was formed, India and Pakistan have fought over the state of Jammu and Kashmir, a fight which has increased the conflict. The conflict over Kashmir is located in the heart of South Central Asia and shares borders with Afghanistan, China, Pakistan and India. It has a population of 12.4 million. After the Buddhist and Hindu rule, Kashmir was converted into Islam and became part of mogul empire in 1586. After the British rule, Maharaja Hari Singh was unable to decide which dominion the state of Kashmir secede to. The decision was to stay independent. In the decision to control the region, the two countries have been involved in numerous war- the war in 1948 and 1965, the Kargil war of 1999. Kashmir is divided into three regions: one controlled by India, one controlled by Pakistan and a small area controlled by China. The current Kashmir conflict is supposed to be solved through bilateral talks, but both India and Pakistan threatens the peace and security over the region by attacking and killing soldiers over the control of line. Where once Kashmir was beautiful, it is now a state where people live in fear for their lives.

Jammu and Kashmir is being contested by India and Pakistan as their integral part since 1947. The conflict of Kashmir started at the time of the partition of the subcontinent into two countries, India and Pakistan in 1947. It was decided that the Muslim majority states will accede to Pakistan and the Hindu majority states will go to India. Jammu and Kashmir despite being a Muslim majority state had to accede to India by the virtue of instrument of accession signed between the Maharaja and Lord Mount Batten, the then Governor General of India (Schofield, 2010).The problem of Jammu and Kashmir could have only been solved through a plebiscite which the then Prime minister of India promised to the people of Kashmir and was also upheld

Under the British Empire, India had remained fairly peaceful up until the 1940s. Its two major religious groups, the Hindus and the Muslims, began lashing out at each other and their beliefs causing strife all throughout India. There is a long history of violence between the two, so it was only a matter of time before India split apart. The Partition of India was a decree written mostly by the All-India Muslim League that created the separate nation of Pakistan. The Indian state of East Punjab was created in 1947 for the Hindus, when the Partition of India split the former British province of Punjab between India and Pakistan (Hasan 35). The Muslim exodus from India, as well as the Hindu influx in to India and East Punjab is still one of the most important events in India’s history. This was not completely unexpected, however. The Muslim and Hindu/Sikh populations found all throughout India were at odds often. They were in constant turmoil over religious beliefs and living spaces, so the Indian government had to figure out a way to resolve the conflict before India broke out into a civil war. Strong efforts were made to try and unify Hindus and Muslims in India, but because of their inability to cooperate, their strong beliefs, and the ongoing violence between each other, the separate nation of Pakistan had to be created to establish peace.

The 1947 partition of India and Pakistan influenced the Indian Film Industry, more commonly known as Bollywood, to produce films that sought to evoke Indian nationalism not only directly after the Partition, but also continuing throughout the 20th century. Films associated with the split between the two nations celebrated India as it transitioned from colonization to independence, while also demonizing Pakistan and thus creating an extremely intense anti-Pakistani sentiment throughout India. In particular, two significant Bollywood films, Mother India and Border, sought to prove these qualities. While Mother India lauded India as a newly independent nation, Border rebuked Pakistan as the villain in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, which

Partition of British India, 1947: The Partition of British India gave birth to two new states; India and Pakistan. Pakistan comprised two geographically and culturally separated region: a) West Pakistan and b) East Pakistan (Bangladesh) on basis of their common religion-Islam.

(Indian Independence Act 1947): The Indian Independence Act, which came into force on 18 July 1947, divided the British Indian territory into two new states of India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Commonwealth of Nations until their constitutions were in effect. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate states.