The Congenital Defects Affecting Livestock

It is extremely common to walk into a boarding barn, show stable, or lesson facility and see someone exchange labor for board, lessons, or training. Or see employees being paid in cash, leaving no paper trail, employment record, and no wage reporting to the Internal Revenue Service. While this appears to be a “win win” situation for both parties it has the potential to cause more issues and frustration than what is seen by the average person.

animal to be born without hair. A recent show on televisions “Dirty Jobs” by Mike Rowe, shows

All animals with limbs have a common design. If a batwing were to be formed from a person’s hand, make the fingers extremely long; a horse elongates the middle fingers and reduce and lose the outer ones; frogs elongate the bones of the leg and fuse several of them together. All in all, despite radical changes in what limbs do and what they look like, this underlying blueprint is always present.

Achondroplasia (ACH) is the most common form of short-limb dwarfism occuring in 1 in 15,000 to 28,000 births and appears to be slightly more prevalent in females, but indiscriminent toward race (1-3). Evidence has been found in Egypt for cases of ACH dating back as far as 4500 B.C. (4). In simplest terms, ACH is a disease where the dwarfing of bones formed in the cartilage occurs (5). There are many features that accompany this disease including rhizomelic (proximal) shortening of the extremities, megalencephaly (enlarged brain), short stature, trident hand, and frontal bossing (prominent forehead) (1, 3, 4, 6-8). Expression of this gene at high levels is primarily found in cells of the nervous system and the cartilage rudiments and

In this paper, I will be discussing the equine genetic disease Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) or Impressive Syndrome. I will share the origins of HYPP through the genetic influence of an American Quarter Horse Stallion called Impressive. There will be coverage of the signs of HYPP and comparison to similar symptoms found in other ailments. I will explain the causes of HYPP attacks in regards to the abnormalities in afflicted horse’s potassium levels and voltage-gaited sodium channels. In closing, I will provide recommendations in management practices, prevention and possibilities for eliminating for HYPP from the equine industry.

Background: Daphnia is also known as diploid or water fleas belong to a group of animals named crustaceans. They are too small to be seen with the naked eye. There are two chromosomes are from the father and mother also, they are multicellular. They live in freshwater and in a few terrestrial habitats. (Textbook 595 & 680)

birth length, and with a small heads resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure. There are many

One of our bucket calves this year caught pink eye. Pinkeye is a very painful virus any type of animal can catch, including humans. Pinkeye is caused by a bacteria that infects the surface of the eye. A problem with M. Bovis is that it can spread easily and rapidly. It is difficult to control the pink eye virus because of face flies. Face Flies are flies that spread M. Bovis. The flies are attracted to the tearing that is produced by the infected eye. The fly then picks up the virus and can transfer it to other animals. The flies can infect a whole herd of cattle in a day, so it is best to treat the virus as quickly as possible. Because we have two calves in one barn, we had to treat the virus immediately.

The Earthworm, starfish, frog, fetal pig, and human all have much in common; however, some have more in common than others. Many have a matching digestive system but not a matching skeletal or circulatory system. Thought numerous dissections we can compare and contrast the various animal systems and gain knowledge on more than just the external side of an animal.

Stickler Syndrome - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2016, from http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/stickler-syndrome/

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome has been found that there are at least five genes that structure the DNA that causes the baby to not properly form correctly during the process. If the

Animal rights are practically non-existent in many different ways today. Factory farming is probably the worst thing they can do to the poor helpless animals. Factory farming effects chickens, cows, pigs, and many other animals that are used for food, milk and eggs. One of the biggest organizations against factory farming is called Compassion Over Killing (COK). They go to great lengths to protest and inform people about animal cruelty.

ABNORMALITIES: The abnormalities regarding growth are- Prenatal onset of marked growth deficiency. Average birth weight at term is 1543g (1000 to 2005g) Mean postnatal growth is 1543 deficiency is -7.1 SD +/- 2.08. One adult was 104 cm. Delayed bone age. Genitalia showing Cryptorchidism. In Craniofacies abnormalities are: Microcephaly with secondary premature synostosis. In one-half of cases, head circumference is more retarded than height, while for the remainder it is as retarded as height. Receding forehead. Prominent nose, micrognathia, low- set malformed

Cytogenetic studies showed that three of the affected fetuses were female, and one was male. In the first affected female, these findings were cleft lip with cleft palate; gastroschisis ; diaphragmatic defect with malposition of the right lung; agenesis of the left kidney, left supra-adrenal gland; and spleen; a malformed uterus, with only a right rudimentary ovary and salpinx; and only one umbilical artery. In the second affected fetus, a female, findings were a protrusion and cataract of the left eye, microphthalmia of the right eye, cleft lip with a cleft plate, malformed nose with a single naris and choanal atresia, hypoplasia of the pelvis, and atresia of the urethra. In the third affected fetus, a male, findings were agenesis of the left kidney and left supra-adrenal gland, hypoplasia of the pelvis, persistence of cloaca, and no external genitalia. Informed consent was obtained from all family members involved in a study; ethical approval was given by local ethics committee. Following the initial genome screen, individual markers were genotyped in fetus IV: 4, from whom formalin-fixed paraffin sections were available. Under the assumption of an autosomal of inheritance, selected informative markers were analyzed for fetus IV: 4 when identical alleles were shared homozygous by fetus IV: 7 and IV: 8, when one copy

Polydactyly is one of the most common hereditary limb malformations and it is characterized by additional digits in the hands and/or the feet. It primarily presents as an additional pre-axial or post-axial digit. Polydactyly is a highly heterogeneous condition and shows a broad inter- and intra-familial clinical variability. Pre-axial polydactyly II (OMIM 174500), also known as triphalangeal thumb polydactyly, is a disease in which the biphalangeal thumb is replaced by an triphalangeal thumb with a normal metacarpal bone. In some cases, there is also duplication of the great toe. Pre-axial polydactyly II is caused by heterozygous mutations in a Sonic hedgehog (SHH) enhancer element located in intron 5 of the LMBR1 gene on chromosome 7q36.3.