The Construction Of The Twin Towers

In the Pantheon, the primary materials used in the Pantheon include brick, granite, concrete, volcanic rock. The importance of concrete in this designed is it helped create the so famous dome in the Pantheon. (Encyclopedia Britannica). The dome has a circular oculus in the middle which emits light. The heavy dome is held by concrete foundations and is made of concrete which demonstrates how they mastered concrete so greatly. According to (Encyclopedia Britannica), the dome measures about 142 feet in diameter and has a rising height of 71 feet above its base. (The dome also is said to have a brick faced walls inside the design for support. The design also has arches and vaults that serve as a structural load. The arches are laid around the dome in a manner that acts as compression to the dome. This design technique of using arches as support for domes is very crucial to understanding why the Romans could have such heavy structures. The vaults also served as a crucial aspect in this design because vaults are a series of arches that create a structural load. The arches helped created compression between the domes and the vaults which were in the bottom of the pantheon help create compression with the arches making the dome very strong. Understanding the importance of the arches, vaults and domes in this

Two waterfalls were placed where the Twin Towers once laid. These waterfalls were places here

After that, we made the front portion which consists of a rectangular prism that sits flush against the cylindrical part of the pantheon, a triangular prism, and columns. This part of the building process was far easier and relied more on accurate measurements. The rectangular base that is attached to

Before the Twin Towers were built, buildings were never built to the 110 floors planned for the towers for a number of reasons. The winds in New York City could reach 100 miles per hour on some days, which caused a great amount of stress on the taller buildings in the city. Originally, buildings of the time were built with support columns ever 30 feet or so which created a solid structure but not much wide open floor space. Due to the planned height of the Twin Towers, weather could be different at the top and the bottom of the towers. To combat this, the buildings were constructed like a tube, with high-strength steel around the edges and a “core” in the middle of the buildings which was to house the elevator shafts which would help to withstand the strength of the wind and also cut down on the materials needed and therefore the cost. This was accomplished with sets of three 30-foot column lattices that were welded together offsite and then constructed at the towers using Kangaroo Cranes,

Brunelleschi’s dome was built on top of a cathedral in Florence, Italy. There was a contest announced in 1418 that the person who could design the ideal dome would win 200 gold florins. There were several questions that needed to be answered like issues with scaffolding, how to make sure the dome didn’t collapse while building it, and how to move large stones up such high distances. Filippo Brunelleschi created a design that included two domes an inner dome and an outer. The domes would have bands of wood, iron, and stone like a barrel to keep it from expanding out and collapsing. The pattern he used for bricklaying helped keep the bricks in place while they set. Brunelleschi didn’t use scaffolding. It would have required too much wood.

The Twin waterfalls that are placed in the ground where the twin towers of the World Trade Center once stood serve as a memorial to the events that took place on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The Architect of these twin waterfalls, Michael Arad, wanted to create a memorial that was “stoic and defiant, but also quiet and respectful.” Arad explained. “I didn’t want a design that felt the need to scream loudly. I felt the site was frightened with so much history, anything we say here is amplified a thousand-fold.” The project that Arad had in mind was no easy feat, it took roughly 6 years to complete due to numerous architectural obstacles that the workers had to conquer. This mechanical marvel is able to send water from the bottom of the waterfall back to the top at an astonishing rate of 24,000 gallons per minute. However, gusts of wind cause turbulence on top of the water so the engineers needed to create a system that is not only strong, but also able to variate the power given to these pumps in order to maintain that serene aesthetic look of the water smoothly flowing down the waterfall. This mechanical marvel also boasts filters to take sediment out, UV lights to kill bacteria, and chemical additives to prevent the water from becoming polluted. Every minute detail has been thought of by architect Michael Arad and landscape architect Peter Walker. For example, trees were placed surrounding these waterfalls in order to comfort and calm those who come to this spot to mourn.

Structural Engineer William LeMessurier and associates came up with a unique design, which involved the 59-story tower to be positioned on 4 massive columns, positioned at the center of each side (also known as a chevron pattern of structural bracing, allowing transfer of loads to the columns placed midway), rather than each corner. This allowed the northwest corner

This site is located in the heart of Toronto’s affluent Yorkville neighbourhood, and will be the home of a 40-storey condo building. It has a luffing crane on site, so overhead protection had to be installed for pedestrians on Avenue Road in the form of wooden boards. These wooden boards were placed on

) In 1929, there were approximately $250,000 in federal funds for the project to began. Construction begun in October 1927, and during that time more than 400 workers were involved in the project.(author) During the carving process Borglum decided to first craft a 5 feet tall model of each of the four bases to show the workers about how it would be carved in the mountain. Borglum came up with new methods that involved materials such as dynamite and pneumatic hammers to blast through large amount of rock quickly, instead of using traditional tools.

During the construction, two half-spans being assembled 50 meters above ground level had a misalignment of 4.5 inches or 114mm in camber. It was suggested by John Holland & Constructions to use a kentledge to weigh down the higher section of bridge. It so happened that they had ten, eight tonne concrete blocks on site. These were placed halfway along the higher span to

Although these problems were corrected and the idea of building a skyscraper became a feasible task, there were many conditions that had to be taken into account, that did not need consideration when building a structure less than 40 stories tall. Four story buildings are supported by their own walls; however a new method needed to be created for skyscrapers since the previous building method would not provide enough support. Metal skeletal frames made of columns and beams were then developed to provide the support and strength needed for the skyscrapers. As the buildings grew taller, their structural design was made lighter and stiffer. Also, as the buildings grew taller, wind became an important issue. Normally, the force that acts on the skyscraper pushes directly downward towards the ground that would then counter balance that push. However, when an additional force acts on it, such as wind, the forces would act differently on the skyscraper. With a lateral force acting on the building, the steel columns of the frame on the windy side would stretch apart slightly while the columns on the other side would compress. Therefore, the skeletal frame built had to be made so that the structure would be free to move slightly with the wind and, at the same time, remain sturdy.

Due to the design complexity of the Glasgow tower, construction could not start until a variety of wind tunnel test were completed. Mean hourly wind speeds along the river basin were used to measure the aerodynamic effects of the tower. Computational fluid dynamics programming was used to test the final design of the tower components. The project management team also did a good job in selecting the contractors from a pool over 70 international companies; the

This was done to create a simplified layout for the steel construction and elevator circulation. The fourth stage was the final structure. This building had a central tower of about 1,000 feet high with seventy stories that was flanked by side buildings of forty stories with the same stepped edges on each side (Skyscraper).

The foundations of the building transfer the weight of the building to the ground. While 'foundation ' is really a general word, normally, every building has many individual foundations, commonly called footings. Usually each column of the building will have its individual footing.

2. When subjected to horizontal forces, pile foundations resist by bending while still supporting the vertical load transmitted by the superstructure. This type of situation is generally encountered in the design and construction of earth-retaining structures and foundations of tall structures that are subject to high wind and/or earthquake forces.