The Core Tenets Of Social Defense Theory Essay

Each attachment style is divided along two dimensions – the fear of abandonment and the fear of closeness. Bartholomew and Horowitz define fear of abandonment as the model of self which describes the belief of an individual to be either “worthy of love and support or not” (1991). They also define fear of closeness as the model of other which describes an individual’s

Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space (Bowlby, 1969). Likewise, attachment theory is a psychological model that seeks to illustrate the dynamics of both long term and short- term interpersonal relationships (Waters, E.; Corcoran, D.; Anafarta, M. 2005). Additionally, attachment theory address how people respond within relationships when hurt, separated from loved ones, or when they perceive a threat (Waters et al., 2005). Attachment theory is the combined work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth (Bretherton, I. 1992, p. 1). The theory predominantly draws on the ideas from doctrines such as, ethology, cybernetics, information processing and developmental psychology (Bretherton, I. 1992, p. 1). It is considered that attachment theory has revolutionized the way society thinks about the relationship between the mother and her child and the importance of

Kim Bartholomew took Bowlby’s theory a step further and proposed four styles of adult attachment based on working models of self and others (Lyddon & Sherry, 2001). These styles were secure, preoccupied, dismissing and fearful. Secure adults feel self worth and expect other people to be trustworthy. Preoccupied adults feel unworthy but feel better about other people. Dismissing adults feel they are worthy but have a negative view of others. And fearfully attached adults tend to feel unworthy and untrusting of others (Lyddon & Sherry, 2001). All of the styles noted except for secure would also fall under the broader category of insecure.

Fraley (2002) completed a meta analysis of studies concerning attachment in order to investigate the level of attachment pattern’s continuity throughout life. The study indicated that there was a certain stability of the attachment pattern, and that the stability is independent of time. Even though it is theorized that a secure pattern will be likely to stay unchanged, it is still indicated that experiences such as bad relationships will be able to change the attachment pattern (Fraley,

The current literature review draws from a plethora of different sources that discuss attachment, and its implications toward future criminal behavior. Marshall, Hudson & Ward (1996) described the implications of secure or insecure attachment on future relationships, intimacy, and sexual deviancy. These researchers found a connection between insecure attachment, negative internal

Three predominant styles of attachment, secure, insecure-anxious and insecure-avoidant reflect expectations about the reliability and availability of attachment figures (Hazan & Shaver, 1987). Individuals who portray secure attachment styles tend to value relationships that provide trust, comfort, and availability. In contrast, individuals with insecure-avoidant or insecure-anxious styles of attachment have difficulty recognizing, acknowledging, and/or valuing secure-based relationships. Avoidant individuals experience discomfort when becoming close with others. In contrast, insecure-anxious individuals report relationships as a threat,

“ (The Strange Situation). Based on the results of the Strange Situation, Ainsworth and her colleague identified three types of attachment styles, a secure attachment which composed a majority of the children in the experiment, insecure avoidant and ambivalent/resistant. For a child who has secure attachment can be “able to freely explore when the mother is around, interacts with the stranger when the mother is present but not when she is absent, shows distress when the mother leaves and is happy to see the mother return” (Mary Ainsworth). For a child that exhibits that inhibits “Anxious-Resistant Insecure Attachment is anxious to explore and is wary of the stranger even when the mother is present, is extremely distressed when the mother leaves, but is ambivalent when the mother returns. He will stay close to the mother upon her return, but will show resentment by resisting the mother's attention and pushing her away.” and for the child who inhibits “an Anxious-Avoidant Insecure Attachment will avoid or ignore the mother and show little emotion when his mother leaves and upon her

Attachment research has predominately thought of attachment as a single personality trait constant across relationships. Early research on adult attachment was based on the thought that individual differences were categorical and that people fell into one of several different attachment styles, such as secure, avoidant, or anxious-ambivalent. Although the categorical model continues to guide much of attachment research, it is now challenged by the dimensional model of adult attachment styles. The current study uses modern taxometric methods to compare the two models to see if adults have a categorical attachment style or a dimensional attachment style.

Despite its roots in evolutionary theory, attachment theory has long split itself into two factions: adaptive and maladaptive. For years, insecure attachment has been implicated as one of the root causes for a number of psychological concerns. (Dozier, Stovall-McClough, & Albus, 2008) Tsachi Ein-Dor, however, theorized something different. His social defense theory posits an entirely new interpretation of attachment – that all attachment orientations have adaptive qualities for the environment in which they exist and that society at large benefits when groups are made up of a variety of attachment orientations. This paper seeks to better understand the schemas proposed by social defense theory (sentinel, rapid fight-flight, and collaborative)

Produced from Ainswroth 's Strange Situation study, were four attachment types. Most children displayed traits of the securely attached type; the ability to play freely with their mother present, show some distress when their mother leaves and appears happy when she reappears. Insecure avoidant types paid little or no attention to their mother and seemed unaffected by her absence and arrival. In contrast to this, insecure ambivalent/resistant types were clinging

Scientist wanted to know how adolescents function and see if there is any similarity with one another. Those with secure attachment relationship scored high on emotional intelligence and protective resources (Thompson, 2008). The purpose of having an attachment relationship is for the adolescents to deal with emotions and social relationships in general. With no attachment it becomes more complicated for the adolescents to process and handle their problems. The adolescents were tested to see what kind of attachment style they have and where their emotional intelligence (Petrides, Sangareau, Furnham, & Frederickson,

There are three types of insecure attachment; Dismissing/avoidant attachment- an insecure attachment category, associated with experiences of rejection, Preoccupied/ ambivalent attachment- an insecure attachment category, this category is associated being overly tuned to their experiences due to parent’s inconsistency in discipline and shows of affection. And Anxious/ Fearful attachment- another insecure category associated with extreme fear usually related to a parent’s death (Santrock 2010) & (McNally, Palfai, Levine and Moore 2003). Over the past decade many researchers have studied the role of secure and insecure attachments. It is believed that secure attachments to parents in adolescent’s leads to higher self-esteem and social adjustments in adulthood, securely attached adolescents have a lower chance of being involved in problem behaviours and drug and alcohol abuse as they get older, where insecure attachments lead to an increase in depression and problem behaviours (Santrock). Studies have shown that individuals with different attachments viewed themselves and others in either positive or negative way. Secure individuals view themselves as relatively unstressed (positive) and others as supportive (positive), Insecure/fearful individuals view themselves as distressed (negative) and others as supportive (positive) and insecure/ dismissive, preoccupied

Attachment behavior has been defined as a series of different affectional bonds, whose activation, manifestation and intensity depend on both individual and contextual fact (Viejoa, 2018). Ainsworth and Bowlby (1965) identified three different styles of attachment: secure attachment (corresponding to a clear and stable style of intimate relationship, and stable social personality); avoidant attachment (related to an unstable style of affective bonding); and labile and unstable attachment (related to an ambivalent social personality). These traits characterize the style of interpersonal relationships when the individual faces new social situations, especially in the field of interpersonal relations of proximity,

An infant with a secure attachment style has a natural bond with their parent, where they are able to trust them, at the same time leaving their side to discover and explore their surroundings. In an insecure/resistant attachment the relationship the child has with their mother or caregiver is very clingy, thus making them very upset once the caregiver is away. When the mother or caregiver is back they are not easily comforted and resist their effort in comforting them. In an insecure/avoidant attachment the infant is, “indifferent and seems to avoid the mother, they are as easily comforted by a stranger, as by their parent” (Siegler 2011, p.429). Lastly, the disorganized/disoriented attachment is another insecure attachment style in which the infant has no way of coping with stress making their behavior confusing or contradictory. Through these brief descriptions of the attachment theory, many researchers have defined the turning point in which each attachment definition can have an influence on one’s self esteem, well-being and their marital relationship.

There are two approaches to attachment; evolutionary theory and behavioural theory, and for the purposes of this essay I will focus largely on the evolutionary school of thought.