Wilson And Penzias: The Cosmic Microwave Universe

Whitney, C. (2014, 3 17). Nasa Technology Views Birth of the Universe . Retrieved 8 15, 2015, from NASA:

The article ‘On the Recentness of What We Know,’ written by Verlyn Klinkenborg, is a pleasant read about the author’s fondness of astronomy and his insight regarding the science of it and knowledge gleaned from it. Klinkenborg recounts a few of his star-gazing memories and then proceeds to analyze the effects cosmological discoveries have on him personally and humanity in general. The author shares bits of theoretical history of the universe and information on the early astronomers whose hypotheses have developed that history. He goes on to reference various well known discoveries throughout the years and marvels at how drastically information in recent years has changed the stories of our universe.

That the universe extended beyond the Milky Way was already widely surmised, and this discovery didn't change much. The revolution came when Hubble compared these newfound distances with the velocities of galaxies, which can be determined by measuring their color spectra. To his surprise, he found the two to be nearly linearly correlated, leading to the conclusion that every galaxy is receding from every other galaxy, and the universe as a whole is expanding.

“The lights that filled the universe could be channeled, dissected, magnified, and measured by human ingenuity” (enlight, 2). There was a significant breakthrough in regards to what could be done in continuing to explore new theories.

We can still see radiation left over from the Big Bang today as the cosmic microwave background.

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The evidence for this was the Cosmic Background Radiation and because of this, they noticed the temperature from it and believed

In 1920, two astronomers named Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis had a big public debate. They argued about a lot of things, but the main thing they were arguing about was the size of the Milky Way and whether or not there were other galaxies like ours in the universe. Shapley had figured out that the Milky Way was a lot bigger than people thought before, and he was right, but because of that he also believed that there couldn't be other galaxies like ours out there. Curtis, on the other hand, thought the Milky Way was smaller than it actually is, but argued that there might be other galaxies like ours out there.

One small raindrop creates ripples in a huge sea, similar to how one new idea can change the way people think. Across the Universe by Beth Revis demonstrates how this can happen when different societies cross. Amy, a teenage girl from Earth, is flash-frozen in order to be reanimated on another planet three hundred years away called Centauri-Earth. Unfortunately, she is melted earlier than she is supposed to, which results in her living on a ship with people who follow different rules and believe in different values. First of all, the ship’s civilization loses its power, as Amy’s knowledgeable character influences the population. Moreover, when the secret of freedom is revealed to the citizens of

Initially anticipated by Albert Einstein with his theory of relativity in 1916 to the year 1980, when Alan Guth developed the concept of cosmic inflation, a telescope was thought to have detected primordial gravitational waves after being examined for three years. Led by John Kovac, a group of Harvard astrophysicists retrieved the data from the Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization 2, a telescope located at the South Pole, where the telescope was used to measure the cosmic microwave background. For three years, the team had been examining the signal to determine if the gravitational waves created were occurring at the same place a trillion times by observing part of the sky from the south pole.

As it says in the article Penzias and Wilsons work proves “how science can be serendipitous and requires theory to inform both observations and conclusions.” In the year 1963 they were using what’s called a Radio Telescope to help them “see” by listening to wavelengths administered from emitted energy in space in order for them to “increase the accuracy of existing measurements of radio sources in the Milky Way.” It wasn’t until Penzias and Wilson communicated with Cosmologists that they discovered the “noise” they were picking up wasn’t noise at all if it wasn’t for the two scientists “sharing their data and ideas” the Cosmic Microwave Background story probably never would have surfaced for who knows how long. Penzias and Wilson picked up

Max Planck has changed our understanding as it has increased our human understanding of the frequency of radiation, given our in packets of energy now know as quanta. It has formed the basis of modern physics, and now the principles of quantum physics are being applied to an increasing number of areas, which include, quantum optics, quantum chemistry, quantum computing, and quantum cryptography. Max's theories and discoveries have changed our understanding of the process of atomic and subatomic atoms, meaning he used the idea of quanta (discrete units of energy) to explain hot glowing matter. He has began the study into the field of quantum physics. Some say Max has refined our knowledge of the Universe's composition and evolution.

Bryan Gaensler is an Australian born astronomer who is currently leading a team of Australia’s best astronomers in the ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO). His main field of study is cosmic magnetism which also encompasses the study of supernova remnants. Because magnetic fields are not visible to the naked eye or regular telescopes, Gaensler’s team must use radio telescopes to view the polarised radiation being emitted. By using radio telescopes to view the fields, they are able to view the “Faraday Rotation” of distant objects and galaxies. Michael Faraday showed that a magnet is capable of producing a rotational motion in a conductor carrying a current. So, in this; light from a background object is altered when it is subjected to a cloud of magnetised gas. Through the analysis of these observations, three dimensional maps of cosmic magnetism can be rendered which will ultimately show the role they play in the functioning of the universe and how magnetic fields work.

This theory began in 1922 by a physicist Alexander A. Friedmann and was developed by many famous scientists after that. This theory taught that the universe is constantly expanding, and received its name from one of its most well-known opponents at the time in 1950. Sir Fred Hoyle said that the universe is in a steady-state. This theory did not last because most scientists adopted the Big-Bang theory. The proof was the radiation that was said to be the remnants of the fireball from the beginning of the universe.

In the year 1929, Edwin Hubble made a revolutionary discovery. He learned that the universe is expanding. He saw that the galaxies were each moving away from us. Edwin knew that for one instance of time, almost 14 billion years ago, all of the mass of the universe was contained in a single spot. There had to have been a huge explosion that pushed all the matter away. This explosion is known as the Big Bang Theory. (www.science.nasa.gov)