The Cradle And The Grave And How We Are Affected By Our Genes

There are various genetic changes that people can experience the ill effects of that will presumably never be finished unless we effectively mediate and genetic engineering the cutting edge to withstand these issues. Case in point, Cystic Fibrosis, a dynamic and risky sickness for which there is no known cure, could be totally cured and annihilated with the assistance of particular genetic engineering, so it can almost never aging effect humans.

Aging is a part of life not everyone wants to accept. There are many theories on aging and I would like to focus on the Stochastic Theory. The Stochastic Theory is “based on random events that cause cellular damage that accumulates as the organism ages” (Grossman, S. & Lange, J., 2018, p. 55). Within this theory there are four categories but I am only going to focus on two: Wear and tear theory along with Connective tissue/cross-link theory.

In order to better understand aging-associated diseases, it is first necessary to define what aging is. Aging is a complex, multifactorial process of harmful mutations in cells and tissues that are accumulated over time and result in an increased risk of disease and, eventually, death (Tosato, Zamboni, Ferrini, & Cesari, 2007, p. 401). Contrary to the belief that aging can be cured through medical advances, it is scientifically accepted that, while human life expectancy has increased, the human life span has remained largely unchanged for the past 100,000 years (Tosato et al., p. 401). Therefore, future developments in aging research ought to focus on addressing treatment and prevention of major aging-associated diseases that will

As cells age they are unable to multiply to make new cells and they will start to decline in efficiency. The fewer healthy cells someone has the more signs of aging they will show. For example, when your skin cells die or get damaged, your skin gets thinner and begins to wrinkle. The main reasons why cells get damaged are the excess production of free radicals in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which then leads to the damage of DNA in both the nucleus and the mitochondria (Weintraub, 2014). This damage to the DNA causes a decline in intercellular communication, another cause for cell disrepair. However, there are ways to reverse these effects. These include supplementing your diet with nutrients proven to reduce free radicals and repair DNA. There is also the potential that one day scientists could remove the damaged mitochondria from

As age increases, we can expect some loss of heart, lung, joint, and sexual functioning. Some loss of brain cells and mental efficiency is a normal part of

Ageing, “the gradual decline in functions observed over time” (Rehman, 2016). Ageing is the result of genetic mutations that build up over time and make it harder for the cell to copy DNA. Every three nucleotide base pairs code for one amino acid, so by changing just one nucleotide can change the amino acid and the amino acid builds a different protein and that protein does a different job than was intended before the base pair change. The DNA copying that takes place in a cell during mitosis can be compared to a metaphor of a copying machine, one jam builds up and jams other copies and the machine doesn’t work as effectively. This paper jam is ageing, mitosis slows down and takes longer to produce cells and thus intern causes a domino effect,

Telomeres are at the ends of our chromosomes, they shorten with each round of cell division. Telomere shortening limits stem cell function, regeneration, and organ maintenance, causing aging to take place. Chronological age is the individuals age based on the day they were born. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of the body to counteract or detoxify their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants (Dr. Ananya Mandal, 2015). Oxidate stress leads to Parkinson’s and Alzheimers disease, gene mutations, cancers, heart disorders, and other organ failures. Glycation is a process where sugar in your blood attaches to proteins to form advanced glycation end products that are harmful and cause aging. The amount of glycation a person has determines how resistant their skin will be to wrinkling. Because glycation causes wrinkles, diabetics are known to age earlier because of their high blood sugar

Senescence in the phrase “effects of senescence on physiology”, refers to the complex process of ageing that eventually leads to death. Therefore, effects of senescence to physiology refers to how biological processes and organs within the human body change as a result of one growing old (Shock, 2015). In addition, the author points out that the performance of organs such as heart, kidneys, brains or lungs decreases as a result of cell death due to the decreased ability of the body to produce or repair cells- when one is growing old. Shock (2015) mentions that during senescence the remaining cells in the elderly body may not perform as well as those in a young individual thus, taking enzymes in the elderly body to carry out chemical reactions.

The way God created us as humans is a life cycle where eventually late adulthood comes with the biology of aging. Santrock (2013) describes five different theories of why humans age (p. 541). The evolutionary theory explains that aging is more of a natural selection process, and diseases occur in the elderly because they “would have been eliminated” if they were in younger people (Santrock, 2013, p.541). Cellular clock theory describes how cells get tired of dividing after they have been reproducing for so long (Santrock, 2013, p.541). Free-radical theory explains when “cells metabolize energy the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals” (Santrock, 2013, p.541). The unstable oxygen molecules can damage DNA and other structures inside the cell (Santrock, 2013, p.541). Mitochondrial theory describes how aging occurs because of the mitochondria essentially wearing out and becoming less efficient (Santrock, 2013, p.542). Mitochondria are the cell’s “power house,” and they convert energy inside the cell (Bailey, 2008). The last theory, hormonal stress theory, illustrates the effects of stress, especially long term stress, on aging (Santrock, 2013, p.542). Stress released hormones which depress the immune system making people more susceptible to disease (Santrock, 2013, p.542). There are many theories about why human’s age, and all of them may be true, but regardless aging is inevitable and so are its effects.

According to theory of aging, free radical interferes in this case. Aging is the apparently unavoidable decrease in physiologic function that happens after some time. At least four main theories of aging have been discussed that imply to clarify much or majority of the reason of biological aging:

Telomeres are directly correlated to the aging of a human body. Although some people might think that shorter telomere lengths are detrimental, the natural shortening of these telomeres are essential to healthy and normal aging. It is natural for cells to divide through mitosis, but each time cells are split telomeres are lost through the process. This is why the telomere maintenance system was evolved to protect the ends of chromosomes (Prescott, Kraft, & Chasman, 2011). Every time a cell is divided, its telomeres are weakened, and stress can accelerate this weakening, and biologically age the person. As a

Aging is the process of becoming older, as we age, multiple mutations occur that concern all the processes of aging well as it compromising a number of different genes. There are many theories of biological aging, such as the Cellular Aging Theory, Immunological Theory, and the Wear and Tear Theory. The Cellular Aging theory describes the process of aging in which cells slow their number of replication, thus giving each species a “biological clock that determines its maximum life span” and how quickly one 's health will deteriorate(Hooyman, 42). After a certain number of years, each cell which follows an apparent biological clock starts to replicate itself less, thus the specific individual or species slowly deteriorates. This theory gives

Also spelled as ageing, this is generally the process of becoming old. It is the in a way the opposite of immortality. In a broader aspect, it may occur to single cells in an organism also called cellular senescence or the population of a species, known as population ageing. This process primarily affects human beings and fungi. In humans, it signifies the accumulation of various changes which occur over time. The changes include physical, social and psychological changes.

Aging, although a quite evasive and rather frightening thought, is an inevitable process that occurs to every form of life, regardless of genetic makeup or origin, and it is a fundamental mechanism in which our universe/cosmos is able to fuel itself with and ultimately flourish on. It is simply invariable, in order for there to be creation and rebirth, there needs to be the set process that eventually leads to death and reconversion in a perpetual system/method of sustenance. Understanding the core variables that affect these processes are essential because they allow us to gain a deeper insight into what it means to age, both physically and mentally, but more importantly, how to live our current lives to ensure a happy, gratifying, and fuller existence.

The impact of genes on a person is a well-known assumption among people who study genetics. When you think about it, who we are and how we act is based off of our genetic makeup. Behavioral genetics studies the inheritance of behavioral traits. There are some people who are just nice and easygoing people while others behave in an unmoral way or are considered anti-social. Behavior genetics is that branch that is trying to figure out what factors play a part in how people act and what genes lead to diverse array of behavior. Not only could genetic information be inherited by a person’s parent but how much of their behavior is also determined by the environment, such as their living conditions, the people they surround themselves with, and other influences that may surround them. Behavior genetics environmental factors can be separated into two categories, shared and nonshared. Shared environment can be considered the environment that is shared by members in the same family, which can include the same parents or socioeconomic class. Nonshared environment is the one that is exclusive to an individual and incorporates their own peer group or hobbies not shared with family members. When you read a lot about behavioral genetics there is a lot of talk about Nature vs. Nurture, with genetics being the “nature” and the environment being “nurture.” Since I feel that a person’s “behavior” can be affected by both I can understand why this theory goes along with this topic. In order to