The Criminal Practice & Justice System in India

The federal court system consists of three levels. The leading and nethermost is the United States district courts. Secondly, the middle level is the court of appeals. The Supreme Court is reflected as the uppermost law court in the United States. The United States district courts comprise of the ordinary federal provisional courts, even though in many circumstances the legislature has approved acts that dissuade unusual authority to these particular courts or executive law juries. The Courts of Appeals are the state middle appellate law court. They function under an organization of obligatory appraisal which implies they are obligated to hear all the appeals of right from the subordinate courts. Courts of appeals can make an own presiding of their own on the case, or decide to agree the verdict of the lower court. In the last circumstance, several offenders choose to appeal to the Supreme Court. This Court is the utmost court in the United States judicial system, this is seen the court that is in charge of the final remedy. It commonly is an appellate law court that functions in unrestricted appraisal. This implies that the Court, via surrendering of summonses of certiori, has the power to choose which cases to hear and the one to dismiss. There exist no rights of appeal to the Supreme Court (Haerens, 2010).

The technological advancement era that has marred the 21st century has seen heightened increased surveillance and proactive crime investigations. Such growth has seen positive legislative moves that have allowed the use of telecommunication gadgets in monitoring trends of criminal activities and criminal gangs[footnoteRef:1]. Most commonwealth nation which United Kingdom is a member have since passed and enacted laws that provide some sort of immunities and exemptions for officers that may violate laws in the process of administering their works. [1: G. Marx, Undercover—Police Surveillance in America (University of California Press: Berkeley, 1988); and C. Fijnaut and G. Marx (eds.), Undercover—Police Surveillance

Mulrunji lived in a community highly populated of Indigenous and Torres Strait Islanders, this community also had a high amount of policing officers to control the area. Having such a large amount of visible policing officers in such a community is a means of social control, and another example of a factor that leads to such a large amount of Indigenous Australians in our criminal justice system. This overrepresentation may be interpreted to Indigenous Australians as a threatening move or an act of intimidation, which may result in an escalation of violence or unnecessary police action, as seen with Mulrunji’s case. This is very apparent in Mulrunji’s case, as he was making his way home seemingly not bothering anyone until the officers intercepted.

Tribal nations enjoy a unique legal position in the United States attributable to their sovereign status with built in powers of self-government. They also enjoy a special relationship with the federal government. In turn, this status and relationship has consequences for tribes and their members; for the states and their citizens; and the federal government. This paper will explore the significance of tribal sovereignty, the tribal-federal trust relationship, and their impact on criminal jurisdiction in Indian Country. It will also identify the division of criminal jurisdiction between the tribes, the federal government, and the states, which flows from this unique status and relationship. I will

To what extent has the media shaped your understanding of crime and the criminal justice system?

Criminal justice study, a subcategory of social science, gathers information traditionally from three sources: survey research, government statistics, and one-off studies of particular people, places, or events (King, 2013). However, the astonishing pace of technology advance has changed this pattern. In next 50 years, the exponentially increasing magnitude of information sources will extremely affect both our research and practice in criminal justice. On the one hand, criminal justice course needs to handle problems created by high technology, e.g. the application of new technology in law enforcement and relevant criminal procedure issues. On the other hand, the high technology also provides new tools for the expanding of the discipline, e.g. the application of big data methods in the discipline. Criminal

Correctional Agencies. Correctional agencies are all those in correction and they include prison, probation, jail, parole, community-based sanction such as house arrest and electronic monitoring. Their primary purposes are to punish, rehabilitate, and to ensure public safety [ (Shilton, 1992) ]. Responsibilities as stated by Professor Daly (2012) are to hold people on remand, hold people who are sentence to a term of imprisonment, maintain appropriate conditions for those in custody, provide activities that encourage learning and life skills, prepare inmate for release.

Violence in the criminal justice system is often tied to the military structure of police organizations. In such organizations officers are discouraged from providing input on how to perform in their jobs. Violent confrontations between police and citizens in particular have been targeted with corrective measures (Stojkovic, Kalinich, & Klofas, 2011). The field of criminal justice is meant to support the provision of justice, however, when violence perpetuated by criminal justice officers is present, justice is precluded. Herein, the various forms of police violence will be explored, prefaced by a consideration of criminal justice administration that highlights the growing burden of responsibility being placed upon police

The American Criminal Justice System is one of the best in the world, as it works relentlessly to find a balance between Herbert Packer’s suggested crime control model and due process model. Throughout the course, we have analyzed the different levels of the criminal justice system and have broken down where the criminal justice excels, such as the different courts for juveniles that work to meet the needs of children, and other areas that need improvement. Though the Criminal Justice System is a fundamental part of our nation and was created to protect society, while ensuring that certain rights are given to prisoners, defendants, and other actors, there are flaws within the system that need to be fixed. If appointed Czar of the Criminal Justice

A number of people do not know how the criminal justice system functions. Their assumptions of how it may, how it may work is shaped by the way that the media along with reality-based television shows portray the justice system and the crimes involved in the episodes. These programs show real events that have or had happened during the arrests of crimes or the first step that an individual takes when entering the criminal justice system. A number of different programs focus on one type of crime while others show quite a variety of different ones, but they are all tied into an individual being inducted into the justice system.

The criminal justice system is a diverse system used around the globe. When in consideration of what the definition of the Criminal Justice system which is a law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehending, prosecuting, defending, sentencing, and punishing those who are suspected or convicted of criminal offenses ("criminal justice system: definition of criminal justice system in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)," n.d.). Here have been many historical events that have led up to today’s way of handling the criminal trends. So many factors come into play. In order to control or make order of society you need laws and guidelines within the country and as well amongst the international countries.

Judicial review, as the words imply, is not an appeal from a decision, but a review of the manner in which the decision was made.”1 Taking this definition into consideration, judicial review is simply concerned with how a decision came to place and what the process was, if by any means an individual feels they have been dealt with in an unreasonable manner can they try and apply for a judicial review. If a person is unhappy with a judge made decision on their case, they may be able to appeal against the conclusion in a higher court. Before the process can begin, the individual has to undertake legal advice which includes information about the procedure and financial aspects. An appeal is then lodged to the courts whereby the process begins. The increased role of human rights law has a wider contribution to the number of claims for judicial review, which have increased in number, although it is not as common as those in the

In Li CJ’s judgment in A Solicitor v Law Society of Hong Kong [2008] 2 HKC 1, he commented in paragraph 9 that the “rigid and inflexible adherence by this Court to the previous precedents may unduly inhibit the proper development of the law and may cause injustice in individual cases. The great strength of the common law lies in its capacity to develop to meet the changing needs and circumstances of the society in which it functions.” In this essay, this statement would be discussed with reference to the role of the courts and their relationship to the legislature.

The judges in the lower courts are bound to follow previous decision of the higher courts. It is an essential component of the common law as it is important of adequate law reporting. It is a decision of the court used as a source for future decision-making.

The Supreme Court of India has adopted a forward-looking approach since last few years, particularly having regard to the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the country. In fact there are two kinds of approaches which characterise the functioning of the highest Court in every