The Cross Sectional Study Among Postmenopausal Women

The liver becomes so diseased and damaged that it can no longer produce appropriate amounts of clotting factor and hormones to make platelets. “Vitamin K must be present in order for the liver to synthesize some of the clotting factors, including prothrombin, interleukin-6, multi-CSF, and fibrinogen.” p 664 If the blood is unable to clot then the patient will continue to bleed to the point that a liver transplant is necessary. Prothrombin a peptide hormone produced in the kidneys that accelerates platelet formation. Interleukin-6 is a hormone that stimulates platelet formation. Multi-CSF is a hormone that stimulates platelet production by promoting the formation and growth of megakaryocytes. p.660 If all of these hormones are

Irrespective of the potential metabolic acidosis, Initial management of both DKA and HHS is focused on rehydration. The aim is to replace fluids in the both the intravascular and extra vascular spaces, while simultaneously diluting glucose levels (and thus lower osmolality) and counter-regulatory hormones (Raghavan, 2014) The Monash Health HHS & DKA

Leads to a reduced ability to form blood clots due to a decreased number of platelets.

There is a lack of collective focus regarding the recommendation of estrogen hormone therapy (ET) for postmenopausal women. For advanced practice nurses (APRN), clarification is necessary in order to inform their clients experiencing menopause of the risks and benefits of hormone therapy use. In the United States, breast cancer is the second leading cause of female death behind cardiovascular disease and its etiology is recently becoming more fully defined (Eccles, 2013). Breast cancer is exacerbated by the number of years clients use hormone therapy as well as each client’s lifestyle (Beckmann, 2014). Hormone therapy combination, dose and length of therapy as well as the client’s medical history all impact onset of malignancy, but the

According to Rutten (2003), in general practice majority of the patients with HF where elderly women suffering from chronic hypertension, whereas there seems to be a higher number of men with CHF being treated by a cardiologist as appose to the general physician (Rutten, 2003). Cardiol (2011) agreed that women with CHF seems to be more common. In postmenopausal women are more vulnerable as oestrogen affects the synthesis of collagen and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system.

In addition to hot flashes and insomnia, the provider would inquire if EP is still having menstrual periods or the last menstrual periods she had and if they are regular/irregular, if she is experiencing vaginal dryness and discomfort during sex, low libido, urinary urgency, emotional changes, dry skin, eyes or mouth, weight gain, and if anything improves her symptoms or make them worse as well as history of surgical procedures such as hysterectomy.

Diabetic patients due to common metabolic, coagulation and vascular abnormalities are more prone to arteriosclerosis and ischemic complications (Beckman

The byproducts of the fat and protein breakdown also explains the individual’s humps and increase of fat. Hirsutism also known as abnormal facial/body hair growth (commonly in women) is due to an increase in androgens (testosterone) which promotes these male characteristics commonly in female patients. The high blood pressure result from over secretions of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) which results in high absorption of sodium and water resulting in high blood pressure as well as high blood volume commonly associated with edema and hypertension. High blood glucose levels are due to the increase of glucocorticoids (cortisol) that fails to properly balance out the effects of

Experiment 1: Male and female subjects with short-term (2 months) HFCS access. 150 male and 150 female subjects with comparable BMI levels, daily activity levels and daily medications/vitamins are

But sex (P = .07), age (P = .08), and BMI (P = .11) did not show any differences between two groups. The relationship between fecal PE levels and other parameters within the diabetic patient group were also analyzed, and sex, BMI, CRP, C-peptide, and lipase were positively correlated even though Spearman correlation coefficients showed low degree (between 0.25 and 0.50).

Fat and mineral metabolism, stress control, and maintenance of the male and female characteristics are partially regulated by the DHEA level. Usually, the higher the level of DHEA, the healthier the individual is (http://www.smartbasic.com/glos.nutrients/dhea.glos.html).

Even if levels are low one day, they may be high the next day in the same woman.

A careful review of the information provided by the authors demonstrates that a definitive hypothesis or research question is not directly stated in the investigation. Rather, at the conclusion of the introduction/literature review, the authors note that "For these reasons, this study was conducted to examine the incidence of metabolic syndrome in CABG patients and to determine if metabolic syndrome and/or the patient’s sex affect clinical outcomes in the perioperative setting" (p. 469). Based on the direction of the literature review and previous studies reviewed by the authors, the reader can imply that the research questions seek to determine the impact of CABG on patients with metabolic syndrome and the hypothesis is that gender will have some impact on the specific outcomes which result for patients in this particular group.

Mitchel and Barnes (2005) note that menopause or peri-menopause has the effect of increasing depressive symptoms or initiating the onset of depressive symptoms. A systematic review of literature on the impact of menopause on the course of bipolar disorder indicate that postmenopausal women reported worsening mood symptoms particularly depression (Mitchel & Barnes, 2005). A study by Dalal and Agarwal (2015) on postmenopausal syndrome found that 75% of women investigated experienced vasomotor symptoms; in some case the symptoms lasted for up to 10 years. The symptoms included hot flushes, emotional lability, difficulty in concentrating and insomnia. The highlighted symptoms are similar to bipolar disorder symptoms.

Contrary to our findings, this study’s analysis provided evidence for sex differences that could contributions to an energy balance, patterns of EI and weight changes. However, this study has used different methodologies and subject group to carry out their investigation which may have led to this variance in results.