The Cultural Influences Of Kyrgyzstan

Corruption can take many forms and can be found in many countries, but mainly in the emerging ones. The main form of corruption is the bribery in the form of payments demanded by the government or ministry officials in exchange for a favor (granting a service, awarding a business).Corruption affects all the businesses that interfere with the government, but studies have shown that certain industries are more exposed to it. These industries are construction, airline manufacturing, power plants, and oil and gas production.

In my opinion every country is corrupt and has pliantly of bribery in their governments, businesses, and even households. Bribery in its most basic form is the practice of giving gifts of monetary value to a client or potential customer to persuade their decision. According to Black Law’s Dictionary, bribery is “The offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of any item of value to influence the actions of an official or other person in charge of a public or legal duty.” This practice constitutes a crime in most developed countries and is highly controversial. As with any controversy, bribery has its advantages as well as problems. Common advantages of bribery include gaining business without needing to have superior quality or services, building

The following is the list of core corrupt acts, classified by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: bribery, embezzlement, theft, fraud, extortion, nepotism, favoritism, and clientelism. However, it is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list. Progressive development could enlarge this list to include other acts in the future. Since, bribery is frequently found and seen as “popular” among white-collar employees, like higher government officials, I am going to address to this kind of a corruption.

Political Corruption covers a broad spectrum of ideas and holds multiple definitions that exist only within their context, making it only relevant to what has happened within a state or area. We may know that it is wrong, but we are not sure as to what it really is. Mark Warren within his essay, “What does Corruption mean in a Democracy?” takes a normative approach to what this really means. Within his report he states, “most who study corruption now argue that it is a symptom as well as a cause of dysfunctions within democracies” (de Lean 1993; della Porta and Vannuccia 1999; Elster 1989, 236-72; Rose- Ackerman 1999; Thompson 1995). Rather than looking at it as a symptom or cause of dysfunctions within democracies, it can be looked at whether there are good and bad forms of corruption. Therefore should we accept corruption that intends to benefit the majority? Or is it really corruption when it benefits the state. Rose-Ackerman counter argues this and states that corruption is corruption, and

Results from BEEPS and the EBRD have also shown a direct negative correlation between levels of corruption and various economic and social indicators such as investment and growth, tax payments, poverty, inequality, and the credibility of the state. Together, this empirical evidence indicates the massive, negative impact that results from both types of corruption and identifies corruption as one of the leading causes of transition failure.

Ahmad N. (2002). Corruption and Government Regulations : An Empirical Analysis. The Bangladesh Development Studies , Vol. 28, No. 4 pp. 29-51.

The term corruption is not new to Bangladesh. We all know that Bangladesh is one of the most corrupted country in the world (BBC NEWS,18 OCT, 2005). Bangladesh is the five time’s top listed corrupted country in the world published by transparency international (Bangladesh tops most corrupt list, 2005) The corruption in Bangladesh is “uneffortdable, unacceptable and treatable” (Ahmed, 2004, p. 37).

This paired with poor law enforcement yields an impossibly hard to get rid of corruption. In Kenya, political corruption has grown rampant. People, who are supposed to be representing the interests of their constituency, instead take money from the constituents to keep their representative positions.

Another important cause of unemployment in Bosnia and Herzegovina is corruption. At the end of each year, numerous organizations do researches related to corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of these organizations is Transparency International organization. According to Transparency International, Bosnia and Herzegovina is represented as the one of the most corrupted and the most undeveloped countries in Europe. The corruption rate in this country is calculated as 14.9% and it places Bosnia and Herzegovina as the 5th country on the list of corrupted countries. During last four years, this country records constant decrease in global corruption rate because the other countries involved in this survey showed high increase in corruption rate. Moreover, Divjak (2012) states that this country did not make any improvement or decline in corruption rate, so it represents stagnation in economy. Although the decrease is finally stopped, the result is disappointing because there is no desire of the government to overcome the corruption. According to Tomas (2004, p.141.)

Corruption is a complex political, social, and economic anomaly that negatively affects developing and developed countries. It weakens democratic institutions, holds economic development, widening the rich-poor gap and certainly leads to governmental instability. The World Bank definition of corruption states that “…the abuse of public office for private gain”.

Kazakh (or Qazaq) and Russian are considered the more official languages in Kazakhstan. Kazakh is the native language of most ethnic Kazakhs, but few other people in the country learn the language. Kazakh is in the Turkic language family and is generally written in a modified Cyrillic script. It is nearly identical to Kyrgyz and more distantly related to the other Turkic languages.

As discussed, politicization is one of the main challenges in fight against corruption in the country. Police, judiciary, legislation and other sectors are highly affected by political figures. However, regarding the budgetary transparency, Bangladesh is performing better since 2008. According to Transparency International (2012), Bangladesh scores 48 out of 100 on the 2010 Open Budget Index, which is slightly more than the average score 42 of the surveyed countries.

Corruption is the abuse of public offices for private gain. Defining corruption is imperative in the setting of worldwide endeavors to

One of the major tasks of government is to provide goods and services to the people. There are however many factors that hinder the smooth delivery of goods and services. Corruption is one of the factors. A link has been established between corruption and economic stagnation. Corruption leads to misallocation of resources meant for uplifting of the majority members of the public for the benefit of a few. It is a universal scourge that has been described differently by various schools of thought. It tends to limit citizens access to free goods and services and reduces freedom of political choice in elections. It can also be linked to the escalation of poverty, as the prevalence of corrupt practices socially excludes the poor

The country was under the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan was under the Russian Empire from 1731 up until 1917. The country was then under brief independence from 1917-1921 under the Alash Orda, a group of nationalists that tried to establish an independent government for the people but failed to succeed in doing so. This independence lasted for two years until they eventually surrendered to the Bolshevik authorities. From 1920 up until 1921, Kazakhstan was a part of the Soviet Union and in 1936, the country was called the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic and it was then the second largest republic in the Soviet Union next to Russia, then known as the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The country experienced severe famines from 1929-1934 because Joseph Stalin wanted to collectivize agriculture and over a million Kazakhs