The Customs Union and Turkish Foreign Policy

Starting from the 1800s, the idea of nationalism spread into Europe, and into the Ottoman Empire. The idea of nationalism weakened the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was a multi-ethnic empire, and nationalism grew in these different ethnics. They were allowed to still use their own language, have their ruler, and have their culture, which made them easier to break free from the Ottoman Empire.

In this essay, I will be talking about a turkey for an animal and an apple tree for a plant. Turkeys and apple trees are both Eukarya. Eukarya is a domain of organisms having cells each with a distinct nucleus. Turkeys are apart of the Animalia Kingdom. The Animalia Kingdom includes organisms such as fish, birds, mammals, and many more. Apple trees belong to the Plantae Kingdom. The Plantae Kingdom is the source of food for all other living thing creatures present on Earth. The Plantae Kingdom is key for our survival. Turkeys are part of the Chordate phylum. The Chordate phylum includes all animals that possess a hollow nerve cord and a notochord. This is a flexible rod between the nerve cord and the digestive track. Apple trees are vascular

Between the 16th and 18th century a power shift began to occur between Christian Europe and the Turkish Empire. Turkey, being one of the most successful, thriving and longest lasting empires of the world, began to deteriorate in the shadow of the rising European powers. The late 18th century saw Europe ascending as a leading world power. This paper will argue two of the major reasons that contributed to the shift of power from the dominant Turkish Empire to Europe. Firstly, after the death of Sultan Suleiman in 1566, the Turks failed to advance militarily while the Christian empires, who had already advanced far ahead, underwent significant military advancement. Secondly, the policy of a Sultan being chosen for quality and character was replaced with a new policy of inheritance, which contributed to the rise of unskilled and incompetent Sultans running the empire, further contributing to the decline of the Turkish Empire.

When thinking of the world powers of today, like the United States and China, it is easy to forget that they haven’t always been on top. One has to take a step back and look into earlier years to find out when and how a certain “empire” came into play as a world power. The when is more easily found than the how though, as it is hard to pinpoint a single action or decision that put that empire above the rest. For this reason it is more logical to look at the rise from multiple different perspectives. Following the 14th century decline of the Mongol empire, three exceptionally powerful Islamic states rose to success and took over as world leaders, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Mughal Empire. This paper will discuss what political factors of the Ottoman Empire,

The containment policy established by George Bush Sr. after the Gulf War is the most viable option for the United States when deciding how to stabilize the Middle East. A political strategy of containment strictly sustains the status quo, and is inexpensive in terms of blood, money, and political capital. Furthering the United States’ containment policy in the context of Iraq will halter the making of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, ensuring the free flow of oil from the Gulf, while preventing Iraq from threatening its neighbors. For this reason, a political strategy of containment is comparatively advantageous to the alternative. This essay will begin by examining the effect of no-fly zones on the Iraqi government, moving to discuss weapons inspections, discussing the strategic viability of sanctions and their effect on the Iraqi economy, finally explaining the advantages containment holds over intervention.

In late summer of 1716, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu set out in the company of her husband and young son from London on an overland journey to Istanbul. That fall, she traveled over the Germanic regions of the sprawling Hapsburg Empire, and by winter, they had crossed the frozen plains of Eastern Europe into Ottoman held territory. By spring, Lady Mary found herself happily ensconced in the old capital of Adrianople. Surrounded by the magical splendor of the exotic east and swept up in scenes from a Hellenistic mythohistory, she wrote regularly and lavishly to her friends back home, detailing the beauty of her strange new world. These letters would form the basis of her posthumously published her Turkish Embassy Letters, still regarded as some of the finest examples of the familiar letter. Drawing on traditions ranging from Reconstruction satire to classical Greek poetry, Lady Mary’s writings provide an unparalleled depth of insight into a unique moment of east-west cultural contact. This study in contrast is what makes Montagu’s writings on feminine beauty the perfect dichotomy through which to study the complex dualities and multiplicities of trans-imperial interaction.

A good point to start with is Iraq during the Ottoman Empire. In that tenure, there were five grounds in which have raised the sectarian animosity among the Iraqis. 1. The Ottoman to favor the Sunnis' at the expense of the Shia, due to the religious proximity of Shia in Iraq to the Safavid Empire, and due to the fact that the Ottoman envisaged the Safavid as a political rival; thus, this erupted the Ottoman to marginalized the Shia and considered them as an existential threat to the empire. 2. Tribe and Klan, which were profound incentives for the Ottoman, were an excellent way for the Ottoman to grant loyalty out of the tribes. The Ottoman permit the tribes to act individually "semi-autonomous" to collate taxes and ensure populace loyalty

Through the 1500th to the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire and Italy colonized Libya to reap the economic benefits offered by the colony. The market and goods appealed to Italian colonizers because of their long standing commercial interests in Libya, “The Facists figured that in Cyrenaica alone, ten million sheep would provide the best wool for Italy’s factories; twenty million olive trees, the purest oil; and an unlimited number of vines, the tastiest grapes and wine in the world”. The Saharan Trade Route was also a dependable source of profit because it linked Europe, the Middle East and West Africa which was a powerful advantage over European competitors. Libya was a prosperous trade port for slaves as well. In 1551, Turgut Reis enslaved almost the entire population of the Maltese island of Gozo,he sent nearly 6,300 slaves to Libya.

Ottoman relations with the West were fairly equal and constant during the 16th to the 18th centuries, as a result of regular trading and trade routes to Asia which went through the Ottoman Empire. European nations had been interested in exploring since the 15th century and had eventually begun exploring Asia in the 16th century. The Europeans who enjoyed the “luxury” goods of Asia, especially from China, began trading with them. Trade was a common occurrence because of high demand for the Asian products in Europe. During that time much of the traveling in order to trade was done by land and the route to Asia from Europe lead straight through the Ottoman Empire.The Europeans also traded with the Ottomans for such things as gunpowder.Contact

The role of Europe in the decline of the Ottoman Empire was significant, through their conflicts over trade and military endeavors. Europe caused many territorial losses for the Ottomans and robbed international trade from the Indian Ocean. On top of this, Europeans took control of Asian trade. With increased income from these facets, and also wealth from the New World, Europe equipped their soldiers with new weapons from technological advancements. Europe in the 16th century, began its climb to superior economic stability and advanced modern warfare, eventually beating the Ottomans to the top.

The author is telling a story about the Turkish Ruling Houses which are the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. The author stated that before the Mongols came into Central Asia and Persia, they were other nomadic people from the region of modern Mongolia. Also, it included that Turks citizens moved to the west to gain control over the key territories from Anatolia to Delhi in North India. Furthermore, Turks added to the decline of the Abbasid caliphate during the thirteenth century. The author extended comment by stating that “Turks has been quick to join the Mongols and were important participants in the armies and administrations of the Mongol states in Persia, and Central Asia”.

The Seljuk Turks have conquered the Holy Land. They have attacked Christina lands in Anatolia, a region of the Byzantine Empire. Travel routes for Christian pilgrims have been closed and the pilgrims are under attack.

Compared to other contemporary male written travel narratives of Lady Mary’s time, The Turkish Embassy Letters would have been read specifically as feminine gendered text. However, it is expressly because Montagu was a woman which allowed her to view the East through a much different lens than her male counterparts. Her ability to identify with other women within the Orient profoundly altered what would have been an otherwise typical Western influenced ‘Oriental gaze,’ which emphasizes a rhetoric of difference. Instead, we see Montagu employing rhetoric of likeness, which encourages her to identify with the Turkish women she encounters. Because Montagu is able identify with the ‘Other’ by virtue of a shared experience of womanhood, she finds that she is able to respect Turkish women’s difference enough to regard their ways as a

Foreign policy is a policy that is pursued by nation in its dealings with other nations that is designed to achieve national objectives. Therefore, the general objectives are to guide activities and develop a relationship of one nation through the interaction with another nation. Moreover, this development of foreign policy is somehow influence by international considerations as the policies or the behavior of other foreign governments and the peoples through negotiation, other measurement short of violence and war. Also to have plans that will advance into a particular geopolitical setting. The United States foreign policy is an overview of major trends regarding American Revolution to the present times. The major themes of foreign policy is to promote democracy that expands across the continent to support liberal internationalism, contesting wars, cold wars, fighting international terrorism in the developing or exploited of third world countries and as to build a stronger world economy system. As history put it, “ Morocco was the first Muslim country to formally deals with the United States as represented by the Moroccan – American treaty of friendship in 1786”. Now the foreign policy of Barack Obama has been the policy of the United States since the Obama administration was inauguration in January of 2009. Since then Congress and President Obama are working on the shared power of foreign policy.

The culture of my country, Turkey, combines an extremely diverse, as well as, a heterogeneous set of elements that have been derived from the various cultures of the Caucasian, Central Asian, Eastern European and Eastern Mediterranean (West Asian) traditions. The majority of these traditions were originally brought together by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire is a multi-ethnic and a multi-religious state. During the early years of the republic, the government invested a really large amount of resources into fine arts such as architecture, paintings and sculpture. This was done as both a process of modernization and of creating a cultural identity. Due to the different historical factors defining the Turkish identity, the culture of Turkey combines clear efforts of modernization and Westernization undertaken in varying degrees since the 1800’s, with a simultaneous desire to maintain traditional religion, as well as, historical values.