The Dark Tourism, The Concept

Daily, hundreds of thousands of people are traveling, whether it’s by plane, car, bus, boat, or foot, people are traveling to new locations and being immersed in different cultures. Many fail to realize how ignorant of a tourist they are. Kincaid explains that tourists are morally “ugly” and use other, less fortunate people, for their own amusement. She tries to enlighten those who are privileged to be more considerate when they are visiting new places. Published author Jamaica Kincaid wrote “The Ugly Tourist,” originally written in her book, A Small Place, where she tries to convince readers that tourists are, “a piece of rubbish” (207). Kincaid’s attempt to convey to the audience that tourists are ignorant and morally “ugly” is partially successful, due to her satisfactory emotional appeal, yet inability to produce a less angry tone, along with minimal logical appeal.

Tourism that has continued to develop suddenly stopped to improve during the World War I ,but immediately after the war showed a sudden improvement. Enemy States had curiosity among to know each other and wished to discover contested areas of the enemy territory. This shows that request for tourism was not only to travel but to discover. (Sivil, 2001: 12). “many british travellers witness the sites of battles such as those fought on the Normandy beaches and at St Nazaire. (Holloway, The Business Of Tourism, 2012) At the end of the Second World War, tourism has continued to spread to large areas. During this period Europe, tried to eliminate all of the injuries and the decline revealed by the war by using tourism and it was seen as a potential

Gillian Dale (2010). Travel and Tourism level 3 Book 1. Oxford: Pearson Education Limited. 122-124.

The problematic nature of cultural tourism is a topic that is heavily debated in multiple academic disciplines. Anthropology, sociology, psychology, and economics all have extensive theories about the consequences cultural tourism has on the cultures being exploited by the tourism industry. Further examination of cultural tourism has turned the focus onto the tourists themselves and questioned the validity of their gaze as they are the ones consuming the culture through the witnessing of particular “displays of culture.” These displays could be in the form of community life, food, historical sites, and museums, but arguably the most popular displays of culture tourists consume are the performative aspects of said culture. Including but not exclusive to displays of dance, theatre, and song, tourists see performance as an accessible gateway into a culture. When considering the identity of a spectator in any situation, drama theory is a useful tool in deconstructing the complicated role a spectator has, however, when the situation being viewed is inherently performative, the spectator’s role becomes even more complex. In the use of the term ‘inherently performative,’ one is not limited in analyzing merely performances that are created for spectacle. The function of performance can be regarded as entertainment, political commentary, or in the case of this essay, religious worship.

While reading Francine Prose’s essay Confessions of a Ritual Tourist, I believe that she successfully conveyed the concept of a ritual tourist using both her negative and positive definitions. For example, Prose brings up the negatives of the German tourists in paragraph thirteen of the essay. Prose talks about how they would push their way to the front of the crowd, talking loudly, and how they were loaded with cameras; seemingly not understanding or caring that the ceremony was very real to the other people present. Prose brings up the importance of respecting and understanding that the ceremonies or rituals are being performed by real people who truly believe. In paragraph ten, Prose talks about how she has heard stories of tourists crossing boundaries of respect during rituals. She states until she had received her own lesson about the dangers of ritual tourism, she had not realized how culpable she had been. In my opinion, Prose does a good job connecting both the negatives and

In "Cannibalizing, Commodifying , or Creating Culture? Power and Art in Sepik River Tourism," Silverman makes several critiques of O'Rourke's Cannibal Tours. Silverman argues that O’Rourke constructed a limited view of the New Guinea tribes. Silverman attributes the eroding ‘authenticity’ to the tourists’ pursuit for entertainment in exchange for money. For instance, O’Rourke’s interviews mostly covered reactions from tourists and how they gawked over the natives, arrogantly depicting their primitive lives. Silverman argues that the film “portrays tourism as a process that only disempowers local people and erodes from their lives all genuine, meaningful dimensions of their culture”(Silverman 1996). Tourism is much more

As mentioned by Rimmington & Morrison (2009), the assistance from different parts of the world presents a new and diverse outlook for future research including theoretical innovations and revelations, cultural and environmental aspects, tourist destination and other ecotourism and recreational aspects of tourism and hospitality industry (Brotherton,

destination and the development towards economical mass tourism along unmistakable natural , incremental and actuated directions. It was legitimate that consideration then ought to swing to the conceivable outcomes of practical mass tourism abetted by jafari's contextualization of both mass and elective tourism as economical choice under fitting circumstances and hunter's(1997) previously stated thought of manageability as versatile worldview with the solid and frail signs Jafari and Hunter both supplement and profoundly persuasive Brundland report, which eagerly grasped the attractive quality of development however restrictively as an alternate type

For example, the earliest and perhaps original origins for western tourism were writers and publicists, with the writers creating stories of western rugged individualism, harsh frontier life, heroic tales of bravery and survival etc. As for the publicists, they promoted the west as a retreat from the frantic, stressful, and even un-healthy environment of an

Palmer and Lester state that Cannibal Tours is a “critique of a western mind-set that continues to be fascinated by the primitive Other.” Due to the nature of the film, it is impossible not to approach Cannibal Tours through the lens of critical tourism. Concerned with ideology and power relations, critical tourism can be applied to Cannibal Tours as it highlights the colonizing gaze of cultural tourists visiting the Sepik River to encounter the exotic, wanting to observe people that are different from themselves.

Slum tourism is becoming an emerging trend now, especially in developing countries. In fact, it has become one of the fastest growing market in the tourism industry. One of the reasons for that is due to the expansion of slum in developing countries. Frenzel et al., (2015) argue that as the number of locations has increased in the past 20 years, so has the number of tourists participating in slum tourism. They then presented a graph on the rise of slum tourism and the estimated numbers of tourists per year. It all begins in the 90s, where South Africa and Brazil had first developed slum tourism. It then moves to North America, where Mexico was involved in around 1995. During the early 20s, the expansion of countries arrived in Asia. The number of slum tourist destinations has continued increased and has later transformed into a type of tourism. This indeed could generate income especially with developing countries that are heavily rely on tourism. As Frenzel (2013) states that slum tourism could contribute to development by creating a variety sources of income and non-material benefits. These benefits are not actually benefiting the community but acts as a form of exploitation instead. As a result, this paper argues how slum tourism is being portrayed as a form of exploitation through poverty, the ethics in participating in slum tourism and how it does not lead to economic development.

4. " Urry (1990a: 47) comments: the contemporary tourist gaze is increasingly signposted. There are markers which identify the tings and places worthy of our gaze. Such signposting reveals a relative small number of tourist nodes. The result is that most tourists are concentrated withing a very limited area. The signposting Urry (1990a) and Uzzell (1984) refer to need not be taken literally [as] a particular photograph of a tourist site in a travel brochure can be construed as a sign of its significance." (315)

Before the 20th Century tourism was viewed by early scholars who had attempted to define tourism as a phenomenon which mainly involved people from the higher class otherwise referred to as nobles in ancient times and not for people from low class in the society otherwise known as peasants because it involved leisure and relaxation. This was mainly attributed to the fact that economies at that time were not properly developed so that many people could have enough time to work and at the same time preserve sometime for leisure activities and so it was mainly associated with the rich people in the society. However as time went by especially in the 19th and the 20th century tourism gained a wider range of view and debates have been going on

Tourism business in the Third World it has quickly developed, but it has also arrived a crossed with numerous adversities familiar to other externally-oriented development strategies, as well as: extreme unfamiliar reliance, the support of socioeconomic and space inequity, environmental devastation, and increasing cultural separation. There are many types of tourism which move the people of the cities and one of them is favelas 'tourism. Favelas are precarious or informal settlements that grow around or inside the same big cities. Favelas are settlements which lack of property rights, and constitute agglomerations of very low housing. They began to run in 1990s, and over the years have incorporated new areas. People living in these places suffer basic needs of urban and social services equipment. They are also located in geologically unsuitable and environmentally sensitive areas. In these places is also a high incidence of crime. The favelas offer opportunities for jobs, trade.-"For analysis purposes, I have divided reality tours into two main types: ‘‘social tours” and ‘‘dark tours”. It is important to note, nevertheless, that the boundaries between the two kinds of tours are often far from evident on the empirical ground.” (2) Social tourist sells participation and information and authentic tourist trips to the Favelas, whereas the dark tours sell the poverty and the misery of the Favelas - tourism performance in impoverished areas. Social or reality tours allow the

While there are many definitions of tourism, it is often defined as: people going from their usual areas to new areas. Tourism does not happen when one does not come from elsewhere to stay for one night or more. Every human has been a tourist whether it was domestically or internationally. As an industry, there is the supply side of tourism and the demand side. However, as a system, the industry as a whole is only a contributing factor of tourism. Leiper (1977) took a systematic approach to tourism; he considered it to be an open system; it has inter-dependent components and is affected by external factors. This means that tourism does not work in isolation to the world that surrounds it, in fact the world around tourism is essential for tourism to be able to operate.