The Dass-21 Had A Good Internal Consistency. For Depression,

A mental disorder is a disease that can cause mild to severe disturbances or impairments in behavior or mental wellbeing. These effects may result in the inability of the individual to effectively cope with the demands and pressures of everyday life. There are more than 200 types of different mental illnesses, such as bipolar disorder, dementia, and schizophrenia, among many others. However, in this paper the main focus will be placed on depression and anxiety.

METHODOLOGY: The paper was a qualitative review utilizing mostly correlational methods and containing both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.

This subscale is comprised of four Likert-scale items assessing current symptoms (e.g., feeling tense or anxious, feeling irritable or easily angered, feeling intense fear that seems out of place, and experiencing shortness of breath or rapid heartbeat). The anxiety subscale has an internal consistency of .80 and a 3-4 week test-retest stability of .80 (Sperry et al., 1996). T-scores were computed using standard scoring protocol for the anxiety subscale. In this sub-sample, the Cronbach's alpha for the anxiety subscale was .61 for men and .73 for women. Men's t-scores ranged from 33.36 to 61.40 (mean = 39.72, SD = 5.53), and women's t-scores ranged from 33.36 to 70.75 (mean = 39.81, SD = 5.90). Information regarding clinical cut-offs or norms for general and clinical populations on the anxiety subscale are

This study will also examine the differences and distances between the categories of mild, moderate, and severe. In reviewing the process of the level of measurement I would say that there are no association with numbers in terms of the distance between the categories, and measuring the depression levels (Brockopp, & Hastings-Tolsma, 2003). The operationalization of the ordinal levels of data according to the BDI-Fast Screen allows me to capture more complex data on central tendency that are not available to ordinal levels of measurement. For example, it is possible to calculate the median and mode in a rank-ordered data, however, the interval level of measurement allows the calculation of a mean, as well as a range and standard deviation. Because of the additional information provided by the interval level of measurement gained by operationalizing levels of depression based onBDI-FastScreen scores, a more complex statistical analysis will be possible. This will enable my research study to provide more complex information on the variables (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias,

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x

The participants of this study were Iranian University students all in their early 20’s. To qualify for this study participants had to have scored an 18 or higher on the depression subscale and a 16 or higher on the anxiety

Concerning the treatment of depression, the figures are of such proportions that details can never be over-looked or neglected. Consider the following. Depressive disorders are amongst the most frequent psychiatric diseases in the Western World, with prevalence numbers between 9% and 18%. According to a 1997 survey (Jindal & Thase, 2003) of the most common reasons for patient visits to family physicians in the United States, depression and anxiety ranked 11th and 17th respectively. The seriousness of this disorder, besides prevalence but in terms of affect, cannot be overstated. Beck (1967) identified five cardinal symptoms of

The Total 72 sample were collected using purposive sampling technique The result indicated that there was no significance difference in pretrait and prestate anxiety among the participate scores. In addition, the education level was no significant in three groups (P = 0.594). Therefore, the randomization method was adequate for random allocation of recruited individuals in three groups. The ANOVA was conducted to compare the posttrait and post state anxiety among three groups. The F-test showed that a significant difference among three groups regarding scores of posttrait and poststate anxiety (P< 0.05). Moreover, the changes of scores in trait and state anxiety were statistically significant (P< 0.05). The Tukey post hoc test was used to compare groups one by one, and the results showed that Benson's relaxation method was similar to systematic desensitization method in decreasing the trait and state anxiety score (P = 0.903). Therefore, both Benson's relaxation and systematic desensitization intervention methods were effective in decreasing of the anxiety score of

All individuals in the undergraduate nursing program, which equated to 882 individuals, were invited to participate in the study through the university email program. A link was sent to participate in the study, and two follow up emails were also sent to remind students of the opportunity to participate. The online data collection tool used was survey monkey and consisted of four sections, three structured multiple-choice style questions, and one open-ended question. Approval for the study was acquired through the university ethical review board. In the article, it did not state whether the researchers obtained informed consent from the students prior to using their survey information. The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS) was the resource used for this study. DASS is a self-reporting scale that “measures the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress in ages 14 and above” (American Thoracic Society,

Psychiatric studies that were part of this study include Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and SCL-90-R questionnaires. The Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire measures the severity of depression and screens patients who require intervention. BDI scores minimal depression from 0-13, mild depression from 14-19, moderate depression from 20-28, with severe depression scoring lying within the 29-63 range (Beck AT. Depression: Causes and Treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006). HARS provides an overall measure of global anxiety that is psychiatric and somatic symptomatically. Scoring ranges from 0-56 with a score over 14 indicating high levels of anxiety (Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Schuller DR, Marshall MB. "The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: has the gold standard become a lead weight?" Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161(12):2163-77). SCL-90-R questionnaire presented

The BAI [1993 Edition] was authored by Aaron T. Beck and Robert A. Steer, and is intended to measure the severity of anxiety in adults and adolescents from the age range of 17 through 80 years (Dowd, 1998). Clients respond to 21 statements assessed on a measure from 0 (Not at all) to 3 (Severely, I could barely stand it.). Each statement is an indicator of a personal, physical, or panic- related issues associated with anxiety. The client indicates how much he/she has been troubled by each issue throughout the past week including today, by marking an X to the agreeing measure of his/her anxiety symptom (Waller, 1998). The raw score is determined by adding the score for each item, which in turn determines anxiety level (Dowd, 1998). Anxiety level range from: 0-9 minimal, 10-16 mild, 17-29 moderate, and 30-63 severe (Leyfer, Ruberg, & Woodruff-Borden, 2006).

Psychosocial considerations - Major depression and other depressive issue are basic in this population and its has forcefully affected useful status, personal satisfaction, and reckoning. Also,nervousness and social disconnection are clinically critical issues at large.

Stress and health connections are not generally direct, and a few studies have demonstrated that these connections rely on upon both

In the experiment conducted by Myriam V. Thoma, 60 female volunteers were studied. (Average age was 25.3 years, Standard Deviation [SD] was 3.21 years, body mass index [BMI] average was 21.63 kg/m2, SD of BMI was 2.34, average years of education was 15.3 years, SD of years of education was 2.56.) The volunteers were physically and cognitively healthy and well during the time of the experiment. Their average Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score, a 5.5 with a SD of 3.0, shows that there were no major symptoms of depression in the study group. Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress (TICS) scores averaged 17.32 (SD was 7.55), illustrating that there were low amounts of long-term stress in the sample. Average State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores (37.47, SD of 9.86) show low characteristic levels of anxiety overall in the studied group. As to the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the participants’ average scores (reappraisal: 4.83, suppression: 3.29) were similar to the natural score ranges for female subjects as defined by Gross and John. According to the MPQ, only pop music was favored over classical music in the studied group. 60 volunteers were distributed evenly

The objective of this chapter is to describe the procedures used in the analysis of the data and present the main findings. It also presents the different tests performed to help choose the appropriate model for the study. The chapter concludes by providing thorough statistical interpretation of the findings.