The Death Of Heart Failure

The prevalence of congestive heart failure is on the increase both in the United States and all over the world, and it is the leading cause of hospitalization in the elderly population. Congestive heart failure is a progressive disease generally seen in the elderly, which if not properly managed, can lead to repeated hospital admissions or death. Heart failure means that the heart muscle is weakened. A weakened heart muscle may not be strong enough to pump an adequate amount of blood out of its chambers. To compensate for its diminished pumping capacity, the heart may enlarge. Commonly, the heart's pumping inefficiency causes a buildup of blood in the

Heart failure is a chronic, progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood through to meet the body 's needs for blood and oxygen. Basically, the heart can 't keep up with its workload. American Heart Association Statistics (2016) reveals that heart failure accounts for 36% of cardiovascular disease deaths. Projections report a 46% increase in the prevalence of Heart Failure (HF) by 2030 by affecting over 8 million people above 18 years with the disease. Healthy People 2020 goals are focused on attaining high quality longer lives free of preventable diseases, promotion of quality of life, healthy development and healthy behaviors across all stages of life (Healthy People 2020, 2015).

Systolic heart failure is characterized by enlarged ventricles that are unable to fully contract to pump enough blood into circulation to adequately perfuse tissues. The enlargement in ventricles is due to an increased end-systolic volume. If the heart is not able to sufficiently pump the expected volume of blood with each contraction, which in a normal healthy heart is 50-60%, there will be a residual volume left in the heart after every pump (Heart Healthy Women, 2012). With the next period of filling, the heart will receive the same amount of blood volume from the atria combined with that residual volume from the previous contraction. This causes the ventricles to have to dilate to accommodate this increase in volume. The dilation causes the walls of the ventricles to stretch and become thin and weak. Also the myocardium, the muscle layer of the heart, will stretch and not be able to adequately make a full and forceful enough contraction to push blood from the ventricles (Lehne, 2010).

Heart Failure is a progressive heart disease when the muscle of the heart is weakened so that it cannot pump blood as it should; the blood backs up into the blood vessels around the lungs and the other parts of the body (NHS Choice, 2015). In heart failure, the heart is not able to maintain a normal range cardiac output to meet the metabolic needs of the body (Kemp and Conte, 2012). Heart failure is a major worldwide public health problem, it is the end stage of heart disease and it could lead to high mortality. At present, heart failure is usually associated with old age, given the dramatic increase in the population of older people (ACCF/AHA, 2013). In the USA, there are about 5.7 million adults who have heart failure, about half of the people die within 5 years of diagnosis, and it costs the nation an estimated $30.7 billion each year (ACCF/AHA, 2013).

CHF can be caused by many different reasons. Sometimes CHF can be a heart defect or can be caused by unhealthy lifestyles. “CHF is an ongoing condition in which the heart muscle is weakened and can’t pump as well as it normally does” (Congestive Heart Failure). When the heart becomes too weak to continue to pump blood throughout the body, it is called Congestive Heart Failure. When CHF first

Heart failure affects nearly 6 million Americans. It is the leading cause of hospitalization in people older than 65. Roughly 550,000 people are diagnosed with heart failure each year (Emory Healthcare, 2014). Heart failure is a pathologic state where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the demand of the body’s metabolic needs or when the ventricle’s ability to fill is impaired. It is not a disease, but rather a complex clinical syndrome. The symptoms of heart failure come from pulmonary vascular congestion and inadequate perfusion of the systemic circulation. Individuals experience orthopnea,

Heart failure is a major health problem worldwide, but especially in the United States. The CDC estimates that over 5.7 million Americans are living with heart failure, and that

Lack of adequate blood flow to the human body can disturb critical components of homeostasis. Despite significant progress in our understanding of CHF, there is no specific therapy that works for every patient. Therefore, health care providers must approach patients with a clear understanding of the disorder. Moreover, treat each patient on an individual basis. Hopefully, with new health models as powerful predictors of heart failure and forward moving technologies and treatments for the care of heart failure, patients may have meaningful outcomes and

With this new invention a systematic way of interpreting an Electrocardiograph soon developed. The layout of the graph is as such: there are 4 columns which correspond to the leads; the first column – I, II, and III; the second column: aVR, AVL, aVF; the third V1-3; and the fourth V4-6. Each column is recorded simulation however they are not always displayed on the strip except for the last rhythm strip which occurs at the bottom of the tracing (lead II and V1).

Entrestro’s dual action purpose makes this a powerful heart drug. It combines two substances known as Sacubitril and

of atria and ventricle. Impulses not being transmitted from atria to the ventricle; no whole number relationship between atrial and ventricular contractions was demonstrated.

Intro- Heart Failure is a multifactorial disease due to significant diminishing of heart pumping action. This is occurs in response to many underlying disease such as diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and cardiac myopathies. These conditons lead to hemodynamic instability, neuroendocrine imbalances and structural remodeling of cardiac myocytes. Early less sever hf allows for compensatory mechanisms such as neuroendocrine stimulation- (beta adrenbergic r endothelin norepinephrine r), and hypertrophy which allow for sufficient left ventricular pumping action. However as hf develops these mechanisms become unable to compensate for the progressive underlying disease which results in further loss of contraction and relaxation efficiency and loss of regulation.

The contraction of the heart tissue (myocardium) is myogenic, meaning the signal for cardial contraction arises within the heart muscle itself

Blocks the vasoconstriction effect of angiotensin II and thus reduces the vascular resistance without affecting heart rate

Current drugs designed for the treatment of systolic HF act to block the neurohumoral response by inhibition of the RASS, adrenergic block and aldosterone antagonism, however non are focused on improving the contractile function of the heart (McMurray, 2010). In theory improving the contractile function of the heart would reduce the neurohumoral activation and improve or stabilise the decline in cardiac function. Previous attempts to increase cardiac function by using inotropes, such as β-adrenergic receptor agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which work by activating secondary messenger pathways that increase intracellular calcium, have been unsuccessful. In clinical trials they have resulted in arrhythmias, increased heart rate and oxygen consumption and have increased mortality (Cohn et al., 1998; Cuffe et al., 2002; Packer et al., 1991; Petersen and Felker, 2008).