The leading cause of death in patients diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia is respiratory failure. Other causes include respiratory and systemic organ failure (3). The Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium has a lethal role in causing respiratory failure in patients with pneumonia. This disease is infectious in humans of all ages, but children and the elderly are at higher risk (5). Pneumonia can be classified based on how you can contract it. The basic types of pneumonia include; community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, and opportunistic pneumonia. Out of the four different types, community-acquired pneumonia is the most common(2). Streptoccocus pneumoniae is not a stranger to the human body. …show more content…
Specific ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) are one group of transporters that provide the mechanics for substrate transport in pneumococci. They can import carbon amino acid substrates, carbohydrates, and other nutrients needed by the cell (1, 4). They can also export material such as the outer surface adhesins, degradation enzymes and synthetic capsular components. Additionally, these transporters are vital to the cell’s ability to take up DNA and they function as efflux pumps to counter antibiotics. When describing the mechanism, it is important to note that the ABC transporter has two ATPases attached to it to help generate energy, two permeases that intersect the membrane and a substrate binding protein that acts as a receptor. In the presence of ATP, the permease causes a conformation change in the transporter that allows the substrate binding protein to release the substrate (1). Hydrolysis of ATP causes the substrate to enter the cell. Once ADP and Pi is released, the transporter resets to the resting state(1). Substrate transport as described above is important to the existence of pneumococci in hosts. For this reason, the bacterium has reserved much genetic space for the synthesis of components that make this mechanism successful. When the involved lungs are examined, one can note that changes occur anatomically and physiologically in pneumonia patients. Vascular enlargement and the formation
Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs, it can be caused by a variety of organisms entering the body – including bacteria, viruses or fungi. The infection causes an inflammation of the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs and may result in the alveoli filling with fluid or other purulent material (Mayo Clinic, 2016). An accumulation of fluid within alveoli and portions of the lungs, can reduce the ability of the lungs to allow for oxygen diffusion across the alveoli walls. If oxygen saturation is low, it can cause the body’s cells to not work effectively. Therefore, the risk of the infection spreading through the body is increased – it is due to this reason, that pneumonia can be life-threatening (American Lung Foundation, 2016). Pneumonia
* Pneumonia is refers to an infection in the lungs that causes swelling in the lungs tissue and this inflammation
This paper explores Pneumonia and the respiratory disease process associated with bacterial and viral pathogens most commonly located in the lung. The paper examines the process, symptoms and treatments most commonly viewed in patient cases of Pneumonia. My goal is to educate the reader and to warn of the
Pneumonia is a disease that affects the respiratory system. Specifically, it is an inflammation of the lungs that can be caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasites. Microscopic sacs in the lungs (Alveoli) become inflamed and fill up with fluid, which causes symptoms such as cough, fever, chills and trouble breathing. It is a lung disease that kills thousands every year and hospitalizes many more. Pneumonia is more serious and can be deadly for infants and elderly. This disease has personally affected me when my son was hospitalized with it for 5 days. He was only 10 months old at the time and was admitted with diagnosis of Pneumonia, low oxygen and dehydration.
The pathophysiology of pneumonia is broken down in four stages cough, red hepatization, gray hepatization, and resolution. The
According to the University of Virginia (n.d.) in the radiographic findings seen in patients with pneumonia are airspace opacity, lobar consolidation, or interstitial opacities; pneumonia is a space occupying lesion without volume loss (University of University, n.d.).
The client’s secondary diagnosis is community-acquired pneumonia. Typically, immune defense mechanisms, such as the secretion of alveolar macrophages and immunoglobulins A and G, protect the lower airway from infection. Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia, invades the lungs. The organism triggers an inflammatory response, resulting in increased blood flow and vascular permeability. Neutrophil activation occurs, to surround the kill the invading organism. A combination of the offending organism, neutrophils and fluid from the surrounding blood vessels flood the alveoli, inhibiting normal oxygen transportation. This filling of the alveoli may lead to tachypnea, tachycardia and dyspnea. Further obstruction of airflow and an increased impairment of gas exchange occur as mucous production increases. When
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung which results into an excess of fluid or pus accumulating into the alveoli of the lung. Pneumonia impairs gas exchange which leads to hypoxemia and is acquire by inhaling a contagious organism or an irritating agent. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Fungal, bacteria and viruses are the most common organisms that can be inhale. Pneumonia could be community-acquired or health care associated. Community –acquired pneumonia (CAP) occurs out of a healthcare facility while health care associated pneumonia (HAP) is acquired in a healthcare facility. HAP are more resistant to antibiotic and patients on ventilators and those receiving kidney dialysis have a higher risk factor. Infants, children and the elderly also have a higher risk of acquiring pneumonia due to their immune system inability to fight the virus. Pneumonia can also be classified as aspiration pneumonia if it arises by inhaling saliva, vomit, food or drink into the lungs. Patients with abnormal gag reflex, dysphagia, brain injury, and are abusing drug or alcohol have a higher risk of aspiration pneumonia (Mayo Clinic, 2013). In the case of patient E.O., this patient had rhonchi in the lower lobe and the upper lobe sound was coarse and diminished. Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include difficulty breathing, chest pain, wheezing, fever, headache, chills, cough, confusion, pain in muscle or
Pneumococcal disease is caused by bacteria that can be spread from one person to another through close contact. Often this bacteria can lead to more serious and life threatening infections such as pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis. Vila-Corcoles and Ochoa-Gondar (2013) cited a strain of pneumococcal disease, Streptococcus pneumoniae as a major
Streptococcus pneumoniae is found worldwide. The common host is the human body, in which it often does not cause disease but at other times it can cause diseses in particular, pneumonia. It also causes otitis media, bacteremia, meningitis, peritonitis, and sinusitis. The route by which this organism is spread is from human to human in the form of aerosol droplets. When inside the host the organism’s primary site of pneumococcal colonization is the nasopharynx. From this site it can aspire to the lungs, eventually spread to the blood and traverse the blood-brain barrier to the meninges, once inside the blood it can cause infections throughout the body. Symptoms of the disease include sudden
Your physician will diagnose pneumonia based on your medical history, a physical exam, and test results. Your doctor will listen to your lung sounds and if you have pneumonia your lungs may have a crackling or rumbling sound when you inhale. Wheezing may also, be heard. Then he/she may obtain a CXR to determine inflammation in your lungs. A complete blood count is ordered to see if your immune system is fighting an infection. Also, blood cultures are ordered to find out whether you have a bacterial infection that has spread to your bloodstream, then your MD can determine how to treat the infection. There are many different types of pneumonia. Pneumonia is named for the way in which a person gets the infection or the germ that can cause the infection. There is community-acquired which is the most common type of pneumonia. These cases occur during winter months and occurs outside of the hospital. Hospital-acquired pneumonia is more serious than community-acquired pneumonia because hospitals carry more germs that are resistant to antibiotics. Atypical pneumonia is a type of community-acquired pneumonia being that it is caused by lung infections that include bacteria like Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma. (Sept,2016).The type of pneumonia you have and how severe the pneumonia you have determines the treatment. Antibiotics are the norm for treatment of bacterial pneumonia. Most begin to improve after one to three days of antibiotic treatment. If there is viral pneumonia, antibiotics will not work. Antiviral medications will need to be initiated. One to three weeks is the duration of treatment. Vaccines are available to prevent pneumonia caused by the flu virus and The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that "adults who are sixty-five and older should have two pneumococcal vaccinations. It is usually given between September through November which is called the flu
Pneumonia is an illness of the lower respiratory tract in which the lungs become inflamed and congested and alveolar spaces are filled with fluid and cells-polymorphs and lymphocytes (Mandell L.A). It is an inflammatory condition of the lung and it is one of the most serious infections, causing two million deaths annually among the young and elderly. Pneumonia is the largest killer, accounting for 28% to 34% of all child deaths below five years of age in low-income countries and is an important cause of mortality in the elderly in high-income countries (Suárez).
The bacterium evolved by loosing its genes converting it from a free-living microbe into a pathogen. It needs the host’s nutrients in order to survive. The bacterium latches itself onto the host epithelial cells by a 160 kDa type 1 pilli. The pilli, located on a specific organelle on the polar region of the
The clinical manifestations of pneumonia will be different according to the causative organism and the patient’s underlying conditions and/or comorbidities (Smeltzer, et al). Some of the manifestations are
Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances. In all cases, the lungs' air sacs fill with pus , mucous, and other liquids and cannot function properly. This means oxygen cannot reach the blood and the cells of the body.