The Declaration Of Independence - Original Writing

Calhoun once strongly supported the tariff of 1816, but around the 1820's he concluded that the tariff was responsible for the stagnation of the state's economy. Although, the real cause was because of the exhaustion of South Carolina's farmland. Many tired Carolinian's started to consider secession as a fix for that problem. With Calhoun's future political hopes residing on how he met this challenge, Calhoun developed the theory on nullification. The theory of nullification stated that any state had the right to nullify, or discredit any federal law which that state found unconstitutional. Calhoun got some of his ideas for nullification from Jefferson and Madison and citing the Tenth Amendment from the constitution. Calhoun argued since the federal government was a creation of the states, the states were the final decision makers when it came down to the constitutionally of federal laws. If a state decided that Congress or the courts had passed an unconstitutional law, then the state could hold a convention and declare that law null and void within the state. The nullification doctrine, and the intention of using it to nullify the tariff of 1828 rapidly attracted the attention and support of South Carolina's

Jackson began his proclamation by outlining the reasons and reservations that led South Carolina to pass the ordinance. The major concerns for the Southerners were the tariffs. “ I, Andrew Jackson, President of the United States, have thought proper to issue this my PROCLAMATION, stating my views of the Constitution and laws applicable to the measures adopted by the Convention of South Carolina”

South Carolina then threatened to secede from the union. While Jackson was pro-state’s rights he was against secession. Andrew Jackson threatened to send troops to South Carolina to prevent secession. Thankfully, a compromise proposed by Henry Clay in which tariffs will be reduced over the course of 10 years to which South Carolina agrees.

State’s rights were the main interest of John C. Calhoun during the nullification crisis. He argued that states had the right to nullify a law or an act passed by the government, such as a tariff, and render it void. Through a convention held in South Carolina discord arose as the result of the convention clearly expressed that the tariff’s taxes were not to be collected within that state. Although it was Calhoun that approved the convention’s ruling, it was the majority that favored the idea of stronger state’s rights, and the ability to nullify what they viewed as unconstitutional. Consequently this resulted in a swift response from Jackson in the form of the Force Bill, allowing the use of military to enforce the acts in South

South Carolina had resorted to the nullification of the tariff controversy of the early 1830s because tariffs increased the prices that southern agriculturists had to pay for manufactured goods.This made it difficult for farmers to buy equipment to harvest their farms and make a profit from it. South Carolina (and the South as a whole) was afraid of federal encroachment on the states rights because they did not want to end slavery. The nullification created tension between Jackson and Calhoun. Jackson thought Calhoun was going against the constitution because Calhoun thought that a state should be able to nullify a law. Jackson saw that nullification was a threat to the survival of the union. The nullification crisis showed that the people

South Carolina thought the tariffs had no value to them and no legal force or effect. Radical South Carolinians saw protective tariffs and agitation against slavery as two sides of the paper. Both of these appeared to be tyranny of the majority. Nullification seemed like the reasonable defense. On November 24,1832, the convention passed an ordinance of nullification. This

Some states attempted to nullify unfavorable laws. This was viewed as open rebellion and ultimately lead to the secession of North Carolina. North Carolina seceded from the union on December 24, 1860, claiming that certain duties were imposed on states and many of their powers were restrained. They argued that this imperiled their continued existence as sovereign states and that they could secede because the right is implicit in the constitution. They provided legal documents provided in the law of compact stating that the federal government did not uphold its agreement to honor North Carolina's rights as a sovereign state ((Document A). This constitutional development helped contribute to a revolution because after these drastic actions taken by the Southern states, the questions of the states rights needed to be resolved. Since the North had won the Civil War provided them the opportunity for them to put down the idea of nullification and secession to rest permanently. These results of the war gave more power to the federal government and kept tension rising in between the

This caused a crisis in the United States in 1832-1833 when South Carolina continued to nullify tariff acts issued by the federal government under the presidency of Andrew Jackson. Jackson released a Nullification Proclamation that took away a states’ right to nullify any federal law. After this Proclamation, Jackson sent ships to South Carolina to collect the tariffs. This message is seen as an act of preserving the Union because Jackson was trying to prevent a state from seceding. He worked to strengthen the federal government to prevent any state from seceding from the Union, preserving

Jefferson, the creator of the Virginia resolutions and Madison, the creator of the Kentucky resolutions came together to help push a more country wide view on their resolutions. Overall of the current 16 states at the time, about half responded negatively to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (Citation). Of those eight, four opposed the resolution towards the First Amendment. Three other states complained the Jefferson’s and Madison’s resolutions were “unjust and unwise and impolitic”. The other eight states either were for the resolutions or for the most part they did not oppose or care. Four of these states wanted repeal and destruction of the Alien and Sedition Acts (Citation). The states that opposed the resolutions were for the most part the New England states, where the Federalist had the most power. The southern states were the ones who supported or did not follow along with the resolutions. In the end however, the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were a failure. The opposing states argued that the resolutions and the Constitutional views of federal-state relations were extremely mainstream (Citation). However, even with the failure of the resolutions, the Alien and Sedition Acts only went on for three years after they were created. Even so, the Acts still played a major part in American history in the years that

South Carolina was upset about the tariff so when Congress increased the tariff in 1828,Calhoun published the South Carolina Exposition and Protest. This exposition introduced the idea of state’s nullification of laws and took ideas of nullification from Jefferson’s Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. Later in 1832 when Congress increased the tariff higher again, South Carolina called for nullification of the tariffs of 1828-1832 by declaring them null and void. Based on Calhoun’s nullification theory Congress could either repeal the law or modify it by making an amendment to make the law constitutional. If the amendment was accepted, the state would either have to abide by the new law or secede.

This tariff had been designed by members of congress to embarrass president Adams and ensure Jackson's victory in 1828 election, as a consequence the nullification crisis of 1833 was part of a power struggle between the national government that had been present since the earliest days of the new nation. South Carolina votes to nullify, or void, both the 1828 and 1833 tariffs within the state. “She would regard the dissolution of our Union with them as one of the greatest evil---but not the greatest: there is one greater-- submission to a government without limitation of

Jackson’s response to the S.C. doctrine was explained with the creation of his Nullification Proclamation, on December 10,1832. He declared his vigorous intent to reinforce the law and was willing to seek an agreement that would eventually lower the unsatisfactory tariffs. In 1833 congress passed a comprise bill which would set a new tariff. When this new deal was accepted by all other

The federal government denied states this right. However, proponents such as John C. Calhoun fought vehemently for nullification. When nullification would not work and states felt that they were no longer respected, they moved towards secession.

In 1787, the creation of the U.S. Constitution would grant the national government dominance over the states. However, the southerners still felt that they should be able determine whether or not they accepted certain acts, and the idea of nullification was proposed. John C. Calhoun was first to present the states right to nullify, or ignore federal laws in which they disagreed, in his doctrine.[6] Things seemed to have remained calm until the commencement of Lincoln’s presidency when nullification was no longer allowed.

On July 4, 1776, an independent and fervent nation was born. Our Founding Fathers used an overwhelming sense of integrity and determination to fabricate the Declaration of Independence - a historical document that pleads King George III for independence and stresses the importance of freedom, equality, and natural rights. Though the Declaration of Independence signifies the birth of America and represents a powerful landmark in our history, when looked at from a broad spectrum, it can be seen as arrogant, ironic, and controversial. The Declaration states, “ … all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” (“The declaration”,