The Decolonization Of Iraq

The Iran-Iraq War, taking place from 1980-1988, started when Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, tried to invade Iran, sparking an armed war between the two countries. This war had many effects on the oil industry, led to many weapon innovations in Iraq, showed the world who Saddam Hussein was, and how the treaty with the United Nations affected the world.

Oil was very important during this war because technology was evolving a lot and it was needed for guns, weapons, transportation. There was a “severe shortage developed in 1917-18”(doc 7). This was because it was all being used a lot so this caused France and Britain to want to take control of the Middle East a lot. Oil was in very high demand and they both needed a lot of it for the war and even technology out of the war too. In document 8, it is made clear that as the Ottoman Empire collapsed Brittan already was moving into taking control because of this same reason for the oil and resources. The reason this happened was because Britain had already realized before they would be needing more oil and wanted to take control right away. The chart in document 9 showed that as the timeline got to the 1900’s the consumption of oil shot up a crazy amount. This is as result of the war and all the new technology because of it. So a huge reason the Middle East got affected so much was because of their oil they

During the mid 1900’s Britain and France had to give up mandates which allowed Middle Eastern countries to gain their independance.

The Persian Gulf War all started because of one country’s greed for oil. Iraq accused Kuwait of pumping oil and not sharing the benfits, and Kuwait was pumping more oil than allowed under quotas set by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, it decreased the price of oil, Iraq's main export. Iraq's complaints against Kuwait grew more and more harsh, but they were mostly about money. When Iraqi forces began to assemble near the Kuwaiti border in the summer of 1990, several Arab states tried to intervene the dispute. Kuwait didn’t want to look weak so they didn’t ask for any help from the United States or other non-Arab powers for support. Arab mediators convinced Iraq and Kuwait to negotiate their differences in Saudi Arabia, on

Aided by European conflicts and growing nationalism, imperialized people won their autonomy in the 1900s. While this feat represented the will of determined ethnicities, the minimal presence of European powers allowed the uprisings to succeed. Unlike the 1900s, many powerful nations are heavily invested in the state of the Middle East, resulting in a fragile system of alliances that can easily crumble with increasing conflicts. Therefore, although the Iraqi Kurdish people overwhelmingly desire independence, the deterioration of the global ecosystem justifies the need for the United States to support a unified Iraq.

Iraqi laws have seen constant changes. Many old laws have been replaced by a new legislation, and other laws have been amended; first by the US Civil Administrator Paul Bremer, and later by the government of Iraq. And this happened after the fall of Saddam Hussain`s regime and the occupation of Iraq by the American and the British forces on 9th April 2003.

In mid-1990, the leader of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, delivered a speech accusing the nation of Kuwait of stealing crude oil from their oil field called Ar-Rumaylah on their border. He wanted Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to pay for Iraq’s $30 billion dollar debt, saying that they caused the oil price to be low. After the speech, Iraq even put troops on Kuwait’s border. When President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt heard about these actions, he tried to negotiate with Kuwait and Iraq. But Saddam Hussein refused. On August 2, 1990, Hussein ordered the invasion of Kuwait. Hussein later declares Kuwait the 19th providence of Iraq. Kuwait’s government turned to the United States for help.

“The expansion of Islam in the eighth century transferred the seat of the Islamic caliphate from Damascus to Baghdad . . . it became the most powerful state west of China”. The rule of Iraq transferred many times, from the Mongols in the 13th century to the Prussians who held power until the 16th century and then resting with the Ottoman Empire up into the 20th century. “The Ottomans divided Iraq into three vilayets centered on Mosul, in the Kurdish north; Baghdad, a largely Sunni city in the centre; and Basra, in the Shi’ite south”. The fall of the Ottoman Empire brought British occupation to Iraq during World War I; subsequently Iraq received authorization from the League of Nations to establish a responsible government. Incrementally Iraq gained its independence and throughout the next seventy-five years, military strongmen ruled the country, resting finally with Saddam Hussein during the U.S. invasion. While attending the university in Bagdad he joined the Ba’ath party and rising through the ranks, assumed the position of head of state of Iraq in 1979. The ethnic divide in the population of Iraq dates back as far as the 16th century and has devolved even further with the

During the First World War, Iraq was ruled by Great Britain (). Iraq was ruled by Great Britain until they declared themselves a republic in 1958 (). Today Iraq is dominated by violence (). Even though newspapers and the news show violence, a culture inside is trying to come out ().

During the Cold War Saddam Hussain and the Arab Socialist Ba 'ath Party lead Iraq. Sunni Muslims, who were a minority in Iraq, enjoyed increased political power as most politicians were Sunni. During the Cold War Iraq began to increasing align itself with the USSR and espouse the philosophy of uniting all the Arab world under socialism. However the dream of Arab unity was shattered during the Iraq-Iran War. In Iraq 400,000 soldiers died, 400,000 were wounded, and 100,000 civilians died. A few years after the war, the USSR collapsed, and Iraq lost its biggest supporter, and dream of socialism began to fade in the population’s eye. Right after the collapse, Iraqi invaded Kuwait, triggering the Gulf War. Iraq was defeated by the USA. Sensing weakness in the Iraqi government, full scale rebellion broke out in Northern Iraq. Saddam accused

Britain was not the first to colonize Iraq but was the last and played a big role in how they are today. Before Britain Iraq was under control by the Ottoman Empire from the 16th century until 1920 when the Ottoman Empire split up. The Ottoman empire took advantage of them. Iraq was part of Mesopotamia and lacked a strong government while under control of the Ottoman Empire. Iraq didn't become Iraq until after WW1 when Basra, Mosul and Baghdad were combined to form Iraq. Britain gained control of Iraq from the League of Nations in 1920. The effects of Great Britain's rule on Iraq can still be felt today on how they messed up their political system.

government officials that were identified as conspirators against the Ba’ath party. (5) His ruthless and brutal dictatorship would bring his country to war with neighboring Iran from 1980 to 1988. Initially a territorial dispute, Hussein would cite Iran’s Islamic fundamentalism as his motives for continued combat and Iraq’s use of chemical weapons. (6) The war resulted in more than 100,000 combat deaths and drove Iraq deep into debt. The military annex of Kuwait in 1991 was intended to absolve Iraq of this financial responsibility to it’s neighbor. (7) The United Nations Security Council, in particular the United States, responded with force to drive Saddam Hussein’s army

SOCIALLY, following the war with Iran in 1988, Iraq was ranked 50 in the 1990 UNDP Human Development Index, which measures national success in education, GDP, and health. Iraq was nearing the top of the middle range of countries in regard to the implementation of basic social services and infrastructure. However, under Saddam’s rule, the prosecution of Shiites and Kuwaitis was a normal occurrence. Called by some a genocide, the period of murder, terror, and persecution faced by these groups was the foundation for a long-lasting unrest within the hearts and minds of Iraqi citizens. The rest of the Iraqi citizens, however, lived normal, comfortable lives. In the late 20th century, many traveled from afar to utilize and learn from Iraq’s intricate network of hospitals and social centers regarded as the best in the region. (CIA 2) However, constant war drained Iraq’s wealth and decimated its people. In the Iraq-Iran War, Saddam Hussein unwillingly forced Iraq into a disastrous attempt to overthrow the Islamist government in Iran. When the dust settled, over 200,000 Iraqis were dead, and more than twice this number were wounded. Iraq’s increasing debt, nearing about 75 Billion, soon had the Arab

Then came the First World War and with it the defeat of the German army and their allies, including Turkey. As a result in 1919, Iraq, as well as Palestine, came under the control of Great Britain who proceeded to draw out the borders and establish a government that would best suit them. The years which followed were filled with revolutions, jihad, and unrest, as the British sought to maintain control of a nation with which they knew very little about.

In recent years, the Iraqi nation has endured a crisis that will forever remain in the hearts and minds of the Middle Eastern culture. However, the outcomes of the War on Iraq will not change the long-lasting and passionate traditions and memories that have been held in the country for decades. One major event that happened in Iraq’s history is that on October 3, 1932 Iraq was established as an independent nation. Iraq has always been a country in which respect and generosity have been highly valued and play an important cultural role in everyday life. Additionally, approximately ninety-five percent of Iraqis are Muslim, and therefore Islam is the official religion of this nation (Gutierrez 1). Furthermore, Iraq is a