The Decolorization Potential of Microorganisms

Due to ever-growing demands in textiles, synthetic organic dyes are widely used for dyeing textile fibers such as cotton and polyester. Approximately 10,000 different dyes and pigments are used for industries and over 7 × 105 tons of these dyes are annually produced worldwide. Dyes and pigments represent one of the problematic groups; they are emitted into wastewaters from various industrial branches, mainly from the dye manufacturing and textile finishing and also from food colouring, cosmetics, paper and carpet industries. Synthetic dyes have complex aromatic structures which provide them physico-chemical, thermal and optical stability. Dyes in effluents, if not removed, cause disturbance to the ecological systems of the receiving waters. These materials also pose certain health hazards and environmental pollution.

This is largely because they are relatively cheap and simple to manufacture. Furthermore, they produce vibrant shades of color and are reasonably soluble in water (Liu, Wan, Nan, n.d.). However, these dyes are now manufactured at such a large scale that they bring up numerous health and environmental concerns. In recent years azo dyes, especially Allura Red AC, have been connected to child hyperactivity, which also raises concerns over other potentially toxic effects they can have on living organisms (“FDA Probes Link”, 2011). This is only amplified by the fact that azo dyes such as Allura Red AC and Azo Grenadine are also especially recalcitrant to conventional methods of wastewater treatment. Research on this topic led me to an article on electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and their potential as a solution to mineralizing especially recalcitrant compounds in the environment, "Decontamination of Wastewaters Containing Synthetic Organic Dyes by Electrochemical Methods: A Review." This led me to pursue the investigation in my extended essay on the topic of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and the effect they have on azo dyes such as Allura Red AC and Azo Grenadine. In order to evaluate the effect of this process, I made the decision to do a comparison of the two dyes. This led me to the question, “How does the effect of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes vary between Allura Red AC and Azo

The Uptake of Neutral red dye by saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of a metabolic inhibitor

Figure 2. Sample of bacteria from figure 1 was incubated on a Ormerod’s agar plate in a gas pack for 2.5 weeks to isolate phototrophic bacteria. The isolated colonies seen in this figure, are called Rhodospirillaceae and they are why the colonies are a bright red color. The Rhodospirillaceae use the red pigment to harvest light energy.

Table 1 shows the steps and color results after each reagent was added to bacterial smear slide. Before any reagent was added to the heat fixed bacterial slides unknown bacteria was colorless. The primary stains reagent, Crystal Violet was added to the slide the unknown bacteria color was purple. Then, Iodine mordant the color of cells still remained purple. After adding the decolorizer alcohol gram + would remain purple and the purple color from the gram- would be removed and it would become colorless. The last counterstain safranin was added to the slide a gram+ would remain purple and the gram – would turn pink or reddish in color. Meanwhile, after the gram staining, one were able to identify under the microscope that unknown bacteria

The heterophiles (1 × 106 cell/mL) were mixed with 0.1% NBT in PBS (pH 7.4) and heat-killed opsonized E coli (1 × 106 cell/mL). The mixture was incubated for 30 min at 37 oC. The unused NBT was, then, removed through washing and the reduced dye was extracted in KOH (2 M) and DMSO and quantitated at 520 nm. The assay was run in triplicate for each isolated E

Table 4.20 and Table 4.21 shows the readings for the test conducted at pH11 for cationic and anionic dye solutions. From the readings it was seen that least color removal of 81.49% for cationic dye and 70.21% for anionic dye was obtained at WTR dose of 120mg/L at pH11 for both the set of dyes. From the Figure 4.17 and Figure 4.18 also it can be seen that minimum color removals were obtained at WTR dose of 20mg/L. Therefore it can be said that the best color removal was obtained at pH3 and as the pH increases color removal. However from pH 7 to pH9 there was marginal increase in color

The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize two organic dyes then observe their effective dye strength on various synthetic and natural materials. This was achieved by means of chemical reactions outlined below, heat to increase the reaction rate, ice baths to precipitate out the product, vacuum filtration to isolate the product, washing with water and 95% ethanol to purify the product, and dying of the clothe to observe dye effectiveness. The test of the effectiveness of the dye required that the fabric absorb one wavelength and then reflect the opposing color, and then be able to keep the color through basic washing. The presence of the dye on the fabric can be caused by ionic interaction, hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding, or simply

In order to determine which strong oxidative agent was more effective, a second trial was run. The purpose of this second trial was to find an upper limit on the concentration where the bacteria would grow in the presence of bleach and hydrogen peroxide. Also in this second trial additional isopropyl alcohol solutions were prepared in an attempt to find a concentration

I also want to get a good answer to the question if we are physically or chemically adsorbed to the surface. I notice that some methylene blue does come off upon being rinsed with water, but most stays bound. I’m going to perform an experiment where I submerge the dye soaked solution in water and see how long, and at what pH, it takes to desorb.

Due to disinfection (microorganisms) and oxidation (e.g. taste and odour control, elimination of micropollutants, etc.), chlorine is commonly used in water disinfection processes (Gunten et al., 2006). However, under certain circumstances, oxidants can induce formation of potentially harmful by-products or transformation products due to their reactivity with micropollutants in water (Kranser et al.,

Chlorine has a long history of use as a water treatment, removing diseases and purifying water so it is safe to drink and use. However, the Class 4 Water Experts of Chem Free Pure Water Systems (link to website) in Hiawassee, GA know that chlorine carries problems of its own, and that it may not be the best solution for water purification (link to nearsay). Below, they offer several important health-related benefits of removing chlorine from your home, and replacement solutions that still provide excellent water filtration for you and your family.

Chlorine and salinity both come from salted roads, adding chlorine in water to cleanse it, various minerals that can create runoff of salts, and more.1 The Colorado River contained the most chloride because of agricultural runoff and minerals from the canyon flowing into the river. The river is mostly surrounded by sand which can hold the contents of minerals that have been broken down for water to easily receive more ions. The swimming area was surrounded by sandstone that is packed together and is not weak enough to break down into pure minerals and deposits. The marina and Lake Mary were both surrounded by mud, dirt, and ground that held together enough to release small amounts of runoff into the water.

Chlorine, element No. 17 on the Periodic Table of Elements, has multiple applications, atomic number 17 , atomic symbol is Cl , atomic weight is 35.453 . It is used to sterilize drinking water and to disinfect swimming pools, and it is used in the manufacturing of a number of commonly used products, such as paper, textiles, medicines, paints and plastic, particularly PVC. Moreover, chlorine is used in the development and manufacturing of materials used in products that make vehicles lighter, from seat cushions and seat covers to tire cords and bumpers. In its natural gas form, it is harmful to human health. Chlorine is a respiratory irritant, and inhaling it may cause pulmonary edema — an excessive buildup of fluid in the lungs that can lead to breathing

Chilly adjusted (psychrophilic and psychrotrophic) microorganisms are recognized from mesophiles which their capacity to develop at low temperatures. They are generally conveyed in nature. Their reaction to high temperatures was demonstrated to be disturbance in protein union by failure of RNA development, modifications of the structure of nucleic acids, inactivation of thermo labile catalysts, enactment of lytic chemicals, changes of the cell morphology, hindrance of cell division and instigation of warmth stun proteins. At low temperatures, among other physiological attributes, psychrophiles and psychrotrophs have slower metabolic rates and higher synergist efficiencies than mesophiles. The Cold-adjusted microorganisms have a significant