The Development of Myopia

4. Clear wing, Black eye, and Hairless (c, b, and h) are linked, recessive traits carried on

INHERITANCE. Idiopathic congenital nystagmus can be inherited, however the inheritance pattern is debatable and penetrance varies among

About 10% of those who encounter it experience it from a pattern through their family(Duane’s Syndrome). When the syndrome does transmit through family patterns there have been cases in which duane’s syndrome has skipped generations and different family members have encountered individual levels of asperity. These genes can be found as both recessive and dominant although dominant is the most common form of the syndrome. While experiencing this disorder you can experience 3 types of symptoms all varying in the eyes ability to move inward or outward, also including the eyes retraction, closing of the eye opening, and downshoot or upshoot when looking inward (Duane’s

The records have been reviewed. The member is an adult male with a birth date of 05/16/1973. He has a diagnosis of bilateral degenerative myopia. His treating provider, Amy Camarota, OD, recommended treatment options on 03/18/2016, one of which was scleral lenses, which the member opted and paid for on 04/01/2016.

The primary focusing lens is the cornea, the clear window at the very front of your eye. The internal lens, called the crystalline lens, is adjustable and alters your focus from distance to near. Sometimes, one of these two lenses may have a radius of curvature that is too steep. In myopia, it is often the cornea that is too highly curved. It is this curvature which is altered in laser eye surgery. Shortening the eyeball has been tried, but it has not been without the potential of serious and permanent damage. Often in situations where the crystalline lens is forced into an excessive plus power curvature, myopia can result. This may occur from near vision stress, a

This disease is inherited from parents, and it is dominant, meaning only one copy of the gene is needed to develop this disorder. It is extremely rare and it affects less than 0.01% of people of European ancestry. See figure 2 for heredity patterns.

Glaucoma is a common and important health problem. It is one of the leading causes of blindness in Western Society (Hoskins & Kass, 1989). It is responsible for ten percent of all blindness in the United States and continues to be the second or third most common cause of blindness in the world (Bunce, Fraser, & Wormald, 1999). It is estimated that two million people in the United States have been diagnosed as having glaucoma. Glaucoma is known to affect about two percent of Caucasians beginning at the age of 40 with an increasing risk for those over the age of 60. This risk is especially high if a member of the family has glaucoma or diabetes. Further, there is a higher risk of a glaucoma diagnosis for African Americans

Describe the “phenotype” that is being studied in this analysis and the specific prior evidence that suggests that any further work will reveal a genetic factor.

We deduced possible modes of inheritances by observing the F1 generation of a pure-bred cross. F1 generation data was used to construct our null hypothesis that the white eyed mutant phenotype is autosomal recessive to the wild type brick red eyes. We then attempted to falsify this hypothesis using a chi-square analysis. We obtained a significant p-value greater than 0.1%, rejecting our null hypothesis, allowing us to accept our alternative hypothesis.

Aniridia is caused by the Pax6 gene. This gene is responsible for eye development and when it doesn't function correctly the eye stops developing too early and this causes the baby to be born with underdeveloped eyes. Eyes that are affected by Aniridia look like the pupil is extremely large and the color of the eye can barely be seen. In rare cases the color of the eye (the iris) can't be seen at all.

Changes that occur on the long arm of Chromosome 10 (10q26 region) also contribute to the increased risk of developing ARMD. Age-Related Macular Degeneration affects the female population in the United States more than it does the male population. In a 2010 study on Prevalent Cases of Age-Related Macular Degeneration by Gender, 65% of cases affected females and 35% affected males. People who are affected by ARMD do not die as a result of this disease, they mainly suffer from the loss of sharp vision. Physically, the macula of the eye deteriorates as age increases which causes problems in seeing objects clearly and sharply. Age-Related Macular Degeneration has an estimated prevalence of 1 in 2,000 people of the United States as well as other developed countries. The prevalence of ARMD is expected to increase as the population of older people increases. ARMD typically does not have a clear-cut inheritance even though it seems to run in families. It is estimated that 15 to 20 percent of people that develop ARMD have at least one first-degree relative with this

Based upon observation of the F1 generation, we hypothesize that the inheritance of the white-eye (W) mutation is sex-linked and recessive wild type.

     Basically what my research is stating is that there is a major genetic component that contributes to this disease. There are three general types of hereditary Macular Degeneration. The first is called early onset. This is when you get it when you are four years of age up to seven. In this type both parents and their children can be affected. This means it is dominantly inherited. Most of the time this is called Best Disease or Viteliform Macular Degeneration.

The development of the eye is crucial and when Pax6 or eyeless are mutated that some are lethal during embryo development. When comparing data of

The pairs of alternative traits examined segregated among the progeny of a particular cross, some individuals exhibiting one traits, some the other