The Development of the Tuberculosis Vaccine

Current treatment of this disease is a complex, long process. Because of TBs notorious background of being resistant to many drugs, treatment usually consists of an antibiotic regimen lasting upwards of 6-12 months. Treatment also varies from individual to individual. Age, health, TB form, and location of infection all impact the type of treatment one is given to aide in curing the disease (MayoClinic, 2014). Regardless, treatment of this disease is not an easy task for many reasons. Compliance and patients tolerance to such a strict medication regimen for a prolonged period of time is a huge variable which decreases the likeness of successful treatment related to increased occurrences of medication side effects and missed dosages. According to World Health Organization

Complicating the issue of TB’s global spread, is the disease’s mutation into multi-drug resistant strains. The evolution of the bacteria is due to improper or incomplete treatment regimens. Due to TB’s ability to manifest itself in latent and active forms, there are two main sets of treatment options. Both must be strictly adhered to or the patient runs the risk of further infection and death. In terms of treating latent tuberculosis the goal is prevention and elimination. According to the Centers for Disease Control, there are four standard regimens for treating latent tuberculosis. The first is a nine-month regimen of Isoniazid taken either once daily or twice a week. The second is a shorter regiment, six months, of Isoniazid with a smaller dose, yet also taken once daily or twice a week. The third regimen lasts three months and is a combination of Isoniazid and Rifapentine taken once a week. The fourth regiment lasts four months and is completed through daily doses of Rifampin (CDC, 2012).

TB is still proven to be a top killer around the world, and with more cases of drug resistant TB being reported daily, the cost of treating and preventing this disease will continue to be on the rise.

Tuberculosis is a disease of an infectious nature caused by a bacterium known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease spreads through the air. People with the disease can spread it to susceptible people through coughing, sneezing, talking or spitting. It mainly affects the lungs and other parts such as the lymph nodes and kidneys can also be affected. The symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss and fever. One third of the population of the world is affected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rate of infection is estimated to be one person per second. About 14 million people in the world are infected with active tuberculosis. Drug resistant TB has been recorded to be a serious public health hazard in many countries. Resistant strains have developed making it difficult to treat the disease. TB has caused millions of death mainly in people living with HIV/AIDS ADDIN EN.CITE Ginsberg19981447(Ginsberg, 1998)1447144717Ginsberg, Ann M.The Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scientific Challenges and OpportunitiesPublic Health Reports (1974-)Public Health Reports (1974-)128-13611321998Association of Schools of Public Health00333549http://www.jstor.org/stable/4598234( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_3" o "Ginsberg, 1998 #1447" Ginsberg, 1998). The World Health Organization came up with the DOTS (Directly Observed, Therapy, Short course) strategy. The approach involves diagnosing cases and treating patients with drugs for about 6-8

Tuberculosis, the white plague as used to be called once upon a time is still one of the deadliest bacterial killers affecting almost all parts, all corners of the globe. Though successful anti-tubercular antibiotic regimens and effective vaccine are available for decades and being used in the battle against Koch’s bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of this chronic multi organ granulomatous disease, our strand in the battle continuously seems to be in the losing side. Moreover the increasing prevalence of HIV-AIDS and diabetes mellitus is being proved to be providing predisposition to tuberculosis. As witnessed by the WHO, which has estimated that, in the year 2012, 8.6 million people have developed tuberculosis and 1.3 million have died of the disease including 320000 deaths of HIV-TB co-infected people (Global tuberculosis report 2013. World Health Organization; 2013). Long term antibiotic therapy and that too associated with several side effects and discomforts have diminished patient compliance with the anti-tubercular chemotherapy. This fact in turn has raised the new deadlier MDR-TB and XDR-TB strains. The whole scenario is a matter of panic and questioning the effectiveness of anti-tubercular antibiotics, immunologic efficacy of century old BCG vaccine and all other medical advents.

TB is a major cause of mortality and morbidity globally that boils down to one small, single infection. TB can be classified into 2 stages; Latent TB and Active TB. In Latent TB, the bacteria remain in the body in an inactive or dormant state. A person will not have any symptoms because their immune mechanism has stopped the bacteria from growing. Latent TB can remain in a dormant state for year (Zager et al, 2009). However this disease can easily change to Active TB. This change mainly occurs due to the rapid increase of Mycobacterium TB within an individual when a person becomes ill or their immune system is compromise. Ninety percent of the time, those who are infected with

Active disease is diagnosed with chest x-ray, skin or blood tests and sputum smears. Cat scans and MRI’s can also be used for diagnosing. Treatment for active non-resistant TB consists of the use of a two drug therapy, generally isoniazid and rifampicin. Cure rate for this strain of TB can be over 90%. Treatment for active TB is done for a minimum of six months. As a result of individuals incompletely finishing their recommended dose of anti-tubercular

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that most commonly affects the lungs. The etiologic agent can be expelled from one infected person via a sneeze or a cough, and enter the air and then the body of another person, leading to another infected person (“Tuberculosis, 2012). According to “What is TB?” (n.d.), someone who has diagnosed tuberculosis but is not receiving any form of treatment can pass the disease to up to 15 people in on year. Treatment of TB is necessary, so if symptoms are ignored, an infected person could die. Prevalence of this disease is not as common in the United States as it is in other countries. In 2014, there were approximately 9,421 reported cases; trends show that TB prevalence continues to decreases each year. Of

Tuberculosis is a disease cause by a bacterium that spreads when a person infected with the virus, sneezes, coughs, or even talks and the germs make it into the air for another person to breathe. This bacterium primarily affects the lungs and prevents the proper functioning of the respiratory system. Tuberculosis continues to be a problem in the United States and the problem is even bigger in developing countries such as India where they have seen the growth of MDR-TB cases. The following annotated bibliographies include a variety of peer review journals, a CDC website and the RX for survival video, which addresses the burden of tuberculosis in different parts of the world. The bibliographies also look at the risk factors, prevalence, mortality,

For many centuries, tuberculosis was considered a death sentence. However, the development of antibiotics and methods of controlling the disease substantially reduced its prevalence. TB is caused by a bacteria and is highly contagious as it is spread through the air. While usually a respiratory disorder that affects the lungs TB “can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the spine” (CDC 2012). Multidrug-resistant TB, however, is resistant to two of the most potent drugs used to contain the illness, isoniazid and rifampin (CDC 2012). Both drug-resistant and standard TB are spread in the same fashion; misuse of antibiotics such as discontinuing them

A person with fully susceptible TB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately, or using medication of low quality. Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a serious public health issue in many developing countries because its treatment is lengthy and more expensive drugs are necessary. MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line Tuberculosis drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line

Nowadays, wе arе witnеssing a rеsurgеncе of thе rolе of surgеry in managing TB duе to thе ovеrall incrеasе in global incidеncе, and thе еmеrgеncе of multidrug-rеsistant TB (MDR-TB, rеsistancе to both Isoniazid and thе Rifampicin) or еxtеnsivе drug rеsistant TB (XDR TB, rеsistancе to Rifampin and Isoniazid, to fluoroquinolonеs and at lеast onе of thе following injеctablе anti-TB drugs: Caprеomycin, Kanamycin, or Amikacin) (Sihoе, 2009; Hеaton, 2014).

Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease that is spread through the air from person to person. It attacks the lungs mainly, although it can also affect different areas in the body such as the kidneys, the brain, and the spine. Tuberculosis is both preventable and curable. It requires treatment and proper medication use. If someone affected by TB is not properly treated there is a high risk of death. The two main drugs used in curing patients with TB are isoniazid and rifampicin. Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis(MDR TB) is resistant to both of these drugs used for treatment, making it extremely hard to cure patients with the disease. Tuberculosis travels through the bloodstream and makes the immune system weak. Multidrug-Resistant TB is caused by improper use of medication. To prevent Tuberculosis from becoming Multidrug-Resistant, patients should take their full prescriptions of their antibiotics, make certain that their antibiotics are high quality, and perform the proper treatment course. Extensive Mulitdrug-Resistant Tuberculosis(XDR TB) is even more of a threat due to its resistance to more drugs than just isoniazid and rifampicin. Being resistant to a wide range of medication, Extensive Mulitdrug-Resistant Tuberculosis is even harder to cure than MDR TB. It leaves patients with small options of treatment that have little effect. People with autoimmune diseases like HIV are way

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial infection that affects millions of people globally. It is a contagious disease that is spread through the air, and it usually affects the lungs. It is transmitted from person to person through droplets from the respiratory tract of those who are already infected with the disease. Some who are infected with the bacteria that causes TB often exhibit no symptoms, because their immune systems stop the bacteria from growing and multiplying. Those with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to developing the full blown disease which can cause symptoms that include coughing, spitting blood, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, and fever. Tuberculosis can be treated with a six to nine month course of a combination of antibiotics. If left untreated, TB will spread and can be fatal.

In 2011, WHO estimated 12 million prevalent cases of tuberculosis worldwide, of which about 630 000 (roughly 5%) were MDR tuberculosis. The highest caseloads of MDR tuberculosis were reported in India, China, Russia, and South Africa, which accounted for more than 60% of cases worldwide. India and China have the highest number of MDR tuberculosis cases worldwide. Tuberculosis has now been made a notifiable disease in India. Drug resistance surveys in several states have indicated that the prevalence of MDR TB in India is 2–3 percent among new cases and 12-17 percent among reinfection cases. According to drug