The Difference Between Criminal Justice And Criminology

The book conveyed criminology defined as the study of crime and a social science that shares characteristics with sociology. People in the field of criminology are the information seekers who look for the reason behind why crimes are committed. They also look at not only how the crimes are committed but how they can be stopped. Criminology involves research and study. These studies should help create more effective responses to crime. The criminal justice study is focused on how the law is made and enforced. Criminal justice also goes over how those crimes are punished. It studies how the justice system works at all of the phases, from the moment a crime is reported, to police, the courts, and corrections. Criminal justice studies center on what happens after a crime is committed and how the legal system functions when it is in authorizing, enforcing laws that the crime may have broken, punishing offenders of that law, and responding to victims of the

Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior (Siegel 4). Criminology is not just understanding criminal actions but also studying how to correct and prevent crime, overall. There are five major Criminological theories, (1) Classical Theory, (2) Positivist Theory, (3) Marxist / Conflict Theory, (4) Sociological Theory, and (5) Multifactor / Integrated Theory.

As one of the newer fields of social science, criminal justice began as a study that took from sociology. “Critics thought that criminal justice was based on a weak empirical and theoretical foundation, and that it had nothing to offer which was not already available through some established discipline, principally sociology or the law” (Clear, 2001). Over years, criminal justice has begun to make a name for it. Today, many colleges and universities offer bachelors, masters and PhD programs for those pursuing degrees in criminal justice. For some, criminal justice may be seen as just a study for those wanting careers in law enforcement, although the field is also able to prepare its students for research related to crime and the reasons why

Criminology is a subject that covers an enormous variety of topics, but one common theme that can be found in most is the issue of morality. Personal and societal morals affect what is considered criminal, and the extent of criminality. Most illegal actions are deemed as such because they clash with moral values. When studying criminology, it is important to also observe how crime is viewed in society, who crime affects and how victims of crime are impacted, and why crimes and victims are viewed in the ways they are.

This type of prostitution is diverse and goes by numerous names in different languages. Some brothels are independent, while others are located in red light districts in cities. Also, some are formed as groups or apartments. This is observed frequently in America and Europe, as well as other countries in which prostitution is either lawful or unlawful. In some countries, the houses are established at certain sites throughout a city by the government. At inception, new prostitutes learn the job’s procedures, especially how to attract and maintain customers. The houses are controlled by leaders to whom 50-60% of income generated by prostitutes is given.

Criminology is the interdisciplinary field in both the behavioral and social sciences, it's also the study of the nature, extent, management causes, control, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior.

As one of the oldest jobs, prostitution has a long history to be repeatedly decriminalized and internalized by different countries. In Sumerian Records, the earliest record established in 2400 BC, prostitution had been legalized and supported by government. Same as most countries in this era, government founded brothels established in ancient China, ancient Greece, ancient Roman and so on. Codex Theodosianus established in 438 AD, legalized prostitution and at the same time, asking for taxes. Since the late 500s to 1600, countries such as Spain, France and Italy ended being tolerant towards prostitution and increased the punishment towards prostitutes and pimps. In 1617, Japan created the red-light district on the edge of the city which is today's Tokyo to gather all legal brothels together. After 1800, prostitution has been repeatedly decriminalized and criminalized in Europe, America and Japan. Nowadays, many countries, most notable as Netherland, and Germany, have legalized and regulated the sex industry, including prostitution, brothel, pimping. Countries like Canada and Brazil, legalized prostitution and kept prohibiting brothel. Sweden, has taken a different legal approach-illegalize consuming for sex while at the same time legalize prostitutes. In countries such as Saudi Arabia, and Dubai, prostitution has been strictly illegalized and punished by prison and flogging. Indeed, all sexual activity except lawful marriage for the purpose of reproduction is forbidden

Per Business Insider, forty-two million prostitutes work in both legalized and illegalized countries. Many countries have taken different legal paths to deal with prostitution. These paths include; prohibition, making all forms of prostitution illegal; legalize, making all forms legal; and decriminalizing, normalizing prostitution. The debate of how to handle prostitution cannot be discussed until prostitution is understood. The Merriam-Webster dictionary describes prostitution as “the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.” Prior to the nineteenth century, prostitution in the US was legal in red light districts, zoned areas where there was little conflict between communities and businesses, and the

But, from the Middle Ages onwards communities started to show less tolerance towards the activity and even less in the early sixteenth century with the emergence of the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation Movements (Dill: p.25). Prostitution was condemned by the Church and prostitutes stigmatised in the cities. Their situation worsened even more over that period with the outbreak of sexually transmitted diseases which only made them to be looked down upon, as mindless and immoral promiscuous individuals. After that found, brothels and prostitutes were outlawed by the authorities. And despite the risks they could have faced under the law, sex selling continued illegally. (Ottis: p.13)

First, prostitution is closely associated with many accompanying phenomena that threaten the internal security of the country; therefore, it is perceived very negatively by our society. This means that a serious crime such as a drug-related crime, human trafficking, and commercial-sexual exploitation of children goes along with prostitution. Also, health risks (sexual transmitted diseases) accompany this activity. “Reaching sex workers is a critical effort for public health. Not only are sex workers at risk for higher rates of HIV and other STIs, sex workers who are unaware of their HIV status can endanger their own health and increase their risk of transmitting HIV or STIs to others” (CDC). In eight European countries, such as Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Greece, Latvia, and Turkey prostitution by itself is legal.

Prostitution is the act of trading sex for some form of profit, usually monetary. Many women are often “owned” by a procurer, often referred to as a pimp, that takes a portion of their earnings, brings them their clientele, and offers protection from the girls’ Johns, the men that use their services, among other things. Though the procurer is supposed to protect the girls, he or she often abuses them. The act in and of itself is seen as morally wrong, but the sinister activities that frequently surround those involved in prostitution make matters much worse. Drugs, violence, and even human trafficking are often associated with the solicitation of sex.

Criminology is defined by the book Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, which was written by author Dr. Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., as “the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders” (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 20). People look at criminology in a big concept of criminal prevention but criminology in itself carries a wide variety of functions in treating crime and providing punishment to those who commit crimes. Crime increases when the population increases, which means the more populated and situated the place is the more crime effective the place maybe. Although crime is relevant towards the people and the place and environment, the number of people in a place does play a significance in the role of crime percentages. In this day and age the percentage in crime has been increasing and police officers are looking for new ways to solve, prevent and deter crime. The criminal justice systems offers different ranges of responsibilities in the prevention of crime and the ever increasing number and percentage in crime is not helping the police officers in the criminal justice system. New laws are brought in to the system which means the citizens and the police officers have to adapt to how the new system works.

On the other hand, Criminology is about the crime and criminals in society. It involves law enforcement and the criminal justice system. Criminal justice and Criminology are related fields, but are not the same things. Criminal justice focuses more on upholding social control and Criminology is the study of the crimes and criminals. Whereas, both are just as important.

In order to understand the social construction of ‘prostitution’, we begin with common definitions from The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) (1989). In the English language, the word ‘prostitute’ can be used in several ways. Prostitute can be used as a noun:

Prostitution is defined as “business of engaging in a sexual relationship in exchange for payment or some other benefit”. The practice usually happens legally in modern cites like