The Digestive System : Inhibition And Exocytosis

The pancreas is a vital organ that lies in the upper abdomen, behind your stomach. It works closely with the liver and ducts that carry bile. The pancreas releases enzymes that help you digest food, especially fats and protein. The pancreas also secretes hormones that help manage your blood sugar.

The pancreas is responsible for secreting digestive enzymes into the duodenum. These enzymes then break down protein, fats and carbohydrates. The pancreas is also responsible for making insulin and secreting it directly into the bloodstream. The livers main function within the digestive system is to process the nutrients which are absorbed from the small intestine. Bile is secreted

4. Describe the hormonal control of the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice during the digestive process.

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The stomach is an organ that is part of the digestive system. The stomach is located in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity, below the diaphragm and next to the liver (Stomach, 2013). The inner walls of the stomach contain small pores called gastric pits. The gastric pits contain cells that secrete chemicals that aid in the digestion of food (Nguyen, 2015). In this essay, I will discuss the different cell types of the stomach, how they work together to provide the overall function of the stomach, why each organ requires different cell types, why the stomach can’t be comprised of just one cell type, and the advantage of having different types of cells.

These break the bonds between particular combinations of amino acids in proteins. The hormone, secretin, controls the secretion of pancreatic juices. When CCK and secretin join together, they slow down the activity of the stomach. The liver is another important accessory organ. It stores many substances, glycogen, iron, and vitamins A, D, and B12. It also helps maintain the normal concentration of blood glucose. The liver produces bile, which is important to digestion. The gall bladder stores, strengthens, and secretes the bile. CCK stimulates the gall bladder to secrete bile.

What enzymes act inside the small intestine and what are the functions of these enzymes?

Instead the pancreatic juice, which is the most important digestive juice, contains mainly water and enzymes such as: Amylase (breaks down carbohydrates/starch into glucose), Protease (breaks down proteins into amino acids) and Lipase which breaks down lipids (with the aid of bile) into triglycerides. It also contains sodium bicarbonate able to neutralize the hydrochloric acid present in the chyme. Through the lining of the small intestine I can also see numerous “brush border" enzymes which are further breaking down products of digestion into absorbable particles; these enzymes constitute the intestinal juice and particularly digest polysaccharides transforming them in monosaccharaides (Maltase, Sucrase and Lactase), (Patton & Thibodeau, 2008). The chyme now is entering in the jejunum (the second portion of the small intestine) where digestion continues and absorption begins. I notice that the jejunum contains numerous villi but less Brunner's glands, it also presents many large circular folds called plicae circulares (Pansky, 2007). These circular folds increase the surface area for nutrient absorption; in fact the absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place here. Now the chyme and I are entering into the ileum which is the final and longest segment of the small intestine. This tract of the

mucus can block the ducts of the pancreas, and that prevents the enzymes from reaching the

Numerous cells in the body utilize exocytosis to discharge chemicals or different proteins that demonstration in different zones of the body, or to discharge particles that assistance cells speak with each other. For example, bunches of α-and β-cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas emit the hormones glucagon and insulin, individually. These catalysts manage glucose levels all through the body. As the level of glucose ascends in the blood, the β-cells are fortified to deliver and discharge more insulin by exocytosis. At the point when insulin ties to liver or muscle, it animates take-up of glucose by those cells. Exocytosis from different cells in the pancreas additionally discharges stomach related chemicals into the gut.

The pancreas is an organ that is located within the abdomen, it has two main functions which are known as an exocrine function, where it produces enzymes to help the body digest food (Innerbody, 2016), and an endocrine function is where the pancreas release hormones into the bloodstream (MSD Manual Consumer Version, 2016). One of the hormones that is released by the pancreas is Insulin,

Within the tubular gastrointestinal tract, the ENS is formed by various interconnected networks, called plexuses, of enteric neurons, glial cells, and axons (Widmaier et al. 2014). The majority of these nerve cells are found within two different arrangements of ganglia (Fig. 1): the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus and the submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus (Furness 2006; Guyton and Hall 2006). The nerve cells’ axons either synapse with additional neurons in the plexus or innervate the smooth muscle of digestive organs (Furness 2006). Neural activity in one plexus can affect activity in the other since some axons in one plexus synapse with neurons in the other (Fig. 1) (Widmaier et al. 2014). Extrinsic nerve fibers from the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems can also synapse with neurons in each of the two plexuses (Fig. 1) (Guyton and Hall 2006). Though the ENS can function without these nerve pathways, the subsystems of the ANS can influence gastrointestinal activity (Guyton and Hall 2006; Widmaier et al. 2014). An example would include either inhibiting or enhancing the GI tract’s motility and secretory activity through the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers (Widmaier et al. 2014).

The digestive system is very important in digesting food and breaking it down so it can be digested easily. The digestive system turns food into energy. Throughout the process there are nutrients which are absorbed. There are many things that contributed to the digestive system such as the mouth which produces saliva which helps to break down food and nutrients such as carbohydrates with the help of an enzyme called amylase. The major food groups which are called macro nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins and fats. All of these nutrients play an important role in the body. There are also many micro-nutrients which include vitamins and minerals which provide the body with health and well-being. The digestive system is made up of the mouth, which includes the teeth (the teeth are used to cut and grind food into smaller pieces, they contain blood vessels and nerves), tongue (the tongue is a muscle that has a rough surface including the taste buds), salvia glands (they produce salvia which moistens the food to make is easier to digest), the pharynx (this helps the food travel to the stomach, the pharynx also plays an important role in the respiratory system. It also contains 2 different flaps to separate the 2 functions), esophagus (this connects the pharynx to the stomach and transports chewed food to the stomach), stomach (this is a muscle that is

The pancreas is a digestive organ that lies below the stomach, it is mostly made up of exocrine and endocrine tissues. The exocrine parts form sacs known as Acini, which connect to ducts with empty into the first part of the intestine (The duodenum). Smaller parts of the exocrine glands are dispersed all throughout the pancreas which are known as islets of Langerhans (Anon, Unknown).

The primary function of the digestive system is to transfer nutrients, water, and electrolytes from the food consume into the body’s internal environment. The ingested food is essential as an energy source, or fuel, from which the cells can generate ATP to carry out their particular energy-dependent activities such as contraction, transport, synthesis, secretion and even renewal of body tissues. Three primary categories of food ingested by humans which are carbohydrates, proteins and fats emerge as large molecules. These large molecules cannot cross plasma membranes intact to be absorbed from the lumen of the digestive tract into the blood or lymph; hence, it must undergo degradation in size (Sherwood, 2013). This