The Discovery Of Hormones And Their Function

Interaction between hormones and behavior has shown to be linked to higher aggression and hostility. The aggression found relates to sexual maturation and genetic characteristics. Androgens and testosterone are major influences of aggression. Hormones affect behavior and emotions. These aggressive effects can stem from contemporaneous organizational influences.

The experiment shows reductionism. The intricate idea of ‘aggression’ and ‘generosity’ are studied and a cause and effect relationship is established between them and testosterone. The amygdala and hypothalamus play an important role in emotions (aggression). However, there was no mention of their role in the body nor how it may affect the results in different ways.

The human brain contains specific neurochemical systems that create feelings in us. Over many studies, scientists

Another conscious process that Fredrickson discusses is how oxytocin is used in social relationships. This hormone makes people “attend more to eyes and become specifically more attuned to their smiles, especially subtle ones. Perhaps because of the closer attention you pay to people’s smiles and eyes, you become a better judge of their feelings” (Fredrickson 115). Although Fredrickson makes it seem that this is essential for happiness, she is

Our behaviour and emotion are determined by two hormones, testosterone and cortisol. Testosterone determines dominance and assertiveness, while cortisol controls the reactivity to stress. Research done by Cuddy and her team showed that higher levels of testosterone leads to higher self-confidence, whereas lower levels of cortisol leads to a fall in anxiety and an improved de-stress ability (Cuddy, Wilmuth & Carney, 2012). Therefore, research result has established the theory that human can handle stress better if we were to be able to control the hormone level.

If you’re not paying attention, the mind can be a tricky labyrinth. The less you know about it, the more inexplicable and frightening it becomes. For example, why do seemingly benign elephants wreak havoc upon villages? In “An Elephant Crackup,” Charles Siebert explores the aberrant nature of these elephants and correlates them to their traumatizing upbringing, deprived of community and kinship. The biochemistry of the human mind, analyzed in “Love2.0” by Barbara Frederickson, serves as a worthy addendum to Siebert’s conjecture. “Love2.0” explains that the brain, hormones, and nerves work in unison to build emotional fortitude, stimulate oneself, and express positivity resonance. Siebert’s ideas of elephant culture and trans-species psyche can put Frederickson’s theory of emotions into practice. The absence of certain hormones within elephants, provided their fragmented community, can explain their volatile outbreaks. Alternatively, the reinstitution of human parental roles into elephant culture can help reconstruct their broken emotional states of elephants and rebuild their resilience; this healing process can also extend to humans.

Psychology holds five core concepts; biological, cognitive, psychoanalytical, learning, and sociocultural perspectives. So far, we as students, have delved our hands into cognitive and biological aspects referencing several case studies and experiments to aid our research. We have gone over the nature vs. nurture debate and even continued our studies through learning social observation. These core concepts are implemented throughout the “Little Albert” behavioral study conducted by John B. Watson, thus assisting in providing knowledge on how emotional conditioning works.

Between sexes oxytocin and vasopressin has shown a dimorphic representation. In females, oxytocin is involved in social-sexual behaviours, sexual intercourse, childbirth, lactation maternal attachment and pair bonding (Stoop, 2012). In contrast, vasopressin is identified in male reproduction including erections and ejaculation. Vasopressin occurred in typical male behaviours such as territorial possession, aggression, and bonding and identified across species including humans, rabbits and rats.

In this book review of Molecules of Emotion by Dr Candace Pert, an analysis and evaluation in light of specific issues and application to a biological psychology course is presented. First, an overview of the literature’s importance and purpose is discussed. Next, a breakdown on the relevancy of the topics discussed within the book. This analysis considers whether the content is based in empirical science, how the content influences the field of mind-body connection science, and the potential of the information for other students. This book was first published 17 years ago, and while some of the ideas it explains have been embraced by the natural healing professions, some are generally still not accepted by allopathic medicine. The analysis demonstrates whether there is significance to the course, and any insights into course content.

Biological differences between men and women contribute to many sex-specific illnesses and disorders. Historically, it was argued that such differences were largely, if not exclusively, due to gonadal hormone secretions. However, emerging research has shown that some differences are mediated by mechanisms other than the action of these hormone secretions and in particular by products of genes located on the X and Y chromosomes, which we refer to as direct genetic effects. Gonadal or sex hormones are steroids, they dominate the male sex hormone which is testosterone. The dominate female sex hormones are estrogen and progesterone. Sex hormones are present in both males and females but in different amounts. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and the brain. Endocrine glands are located throughout the body, respond to specific signals that may increase or decrease hormone secretion.

The first portion of the class will serve as an introduction to animal behavior and will review the history and theory of animal behavior, approaches and methods used to study animal behavior, and forces influencing the development of various behaviors. The second and third sections will focus on the proximate and ultimate causes of behavior, respectively, while the fourth and final section of the course will focus on the behavior of groups. The format of the course will consist of lecture, student presentations, discussion, and short films. Lectures will be comprised of material from the text and other sources. The purpose of this is to give you a broad introduction to animal behavior and the neural mechanisms that underlie it. We will be reading additional articles (outside of our textbook) that will form the basis of student presentation topics (Jebbett,

It has long been known that hormones in the body can have biological as well as behavioral effects on animals. Hormones can stimulate animals to grow, regulate, and differentiate as well as press them to exhibit a wide variety of behaviors for an even broader scope of reasons. Perhaps no other hormone has gained the public notoriety of testosterone. Long considered a masculine hormone, testosterone is inextricably coupled in the minds of the public as the hormone that makes men tick. To its effects are attributed all things manly, from muscle and hair growth to aggression to an unwillingness to ask for directions. But what are the true effects of testosterone on the body, and are they different in humans as compared to other

This can involve both chemical and organic processes that occur within the body. For example, researchers have found that the neurotransmitter serotonin drives many of the cooperative behaviors, assuming that cooperative behavior has a physiological explanation (Paula, Messias, Grutter, Bshary, & Soares, 2015). In a study on by Tomasello & Vaish (2013), researchers established that very young children were not motivated to help others around them only in the circumstances that it benefits them like would initially expected, rather they behave this manner just so that they can see that the person has been helped. This result was demonstrated through measurements of physiological arousal in the children, which provided further proof that many of the responses that occur within the body are also in control of the development of human

The presence of oestrogen receptors have been shown within the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina of several species including

Chapter 1 explains the work of a Harvard psychologist named William James. William published the article “What is an Emotion?” in a philosophical journal entitled Mind in 1884. His paper is an argument for the primacy and necessity of bodily systems in producing emotional feelings. James-Lange theory states that physiological arousal instigates the experience of emotion. A Harvard physiologist, Walter Cannon, roundly criticized James’ theory, claiming that, according to the Cannon Bard theory, physiological changes follow emotional expression.