The Discovery Of The Higgs Boson

Dark matter and dark energy are two entities that have very little known about them, except that they make up about 95 percent of the universe. Even though this is a large part of the universe, it wasn’t even thought about until the 1960’s or the 1970’s. This is because of the fact that it is very hard to detect and almost impossible to see. Although it is impossible to see, we can see the effects of them both in our galaxy.

The particles include photinos, neutrinos, gravitinos, axions, and magnetic monopoles, among many others. Of these, researchers have detected only neutrinos -- and whether neutrinos have any mass remains unknown. Experiments are under way to detect other exotic particles. If they exist, and if one has a mass in the correct range, then that particle might pervade the universe and constitute dark matter.

To discover what the universe is made of and how it works is the challenge of particle

The properties of regular matter include a composition of neutrons, protons, and electrons; it can be seen and touched. The properties of dark matter are unknown; dark matter cannot be seen, touched, interact with light, or produces radiation. Dark energy is also an unknown entity, but it is considered a form of energy. Dark energy is also known as the energy of nothing or the energy of empty space. Even so the big bang theory is still widely accepted among people as the start of the universe

Curiosity is an innate characteristic of humans. Why are we here? How did life start? What happened at the beginning of time? How does everything fit together? These are seminal questions that plagued our ancestors and currently plague us. Answering these seemingly impossible questions is the role of science, specifically physics, in humanity. At the beginning of the quest to understand the universe in its entirety was Aristotle and his Aristotelian physics. While in the future Aristotelian physics would turn out to be completely incorrect, his original ideas and theories were paramount in the development of modern science, and are evident in a wide array of fields. However, it was not until humanity accepted the flaws in Aristotelian physics that humanity made any progress toward more fully understanding the laws of the universe. While Aristotelian physics was entirely wrong in a multitude of ways, it was still needed to form a basis for the modern method of discovery, as well as a shift from logic-based theories to observation-based theories. Furthermore, the majority of theories in the history of science are, at first, incorrect. Historically, the process of error discovery has been the main method of progression in the sciences. This process is observed from theory of universal gravitation to the theory of general relativity, and from statistical mechanics and thermodynamics to the theory of quantum mechanics. The cycle of theorizing and rejecting is a necessity to the

"In the course of the past few decades, the Standard Model has passed critical tests derived from experiment, but it does not address some profound questions about the nature of the Universe," (AFP, 2015)

However, it is not claimed that it has been constructed as a complete theory but, to be compatible with paradigms. In other proposals, it has been proposed that the universe is full of quantum fluid made up of gravitons, atoms that have no mass but, transfer gravity the way photons move electromagnetism. These gravitons in the early universe produced a condensate which display quantum phenomena but, can cause the universe’s rapid expansion to

This past October of 2013, François Englert and Peter W. Higgs were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Physics for 2013. “For the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider". Both Englert and Higgs proposed the theory of how particles acquire mass. It was 1964 when both men proposed this theory independently. It wasn’t until the year 2012, that both men had their ideas confirmed by discovery of the Higgs Boson particle (particle responsible for giving mass to objects) at the CERN laboratory in

Dark energy is said to be the most “profound mystery in all of science”, and has astronomers shocked. The universe consists of 68% dark energy, and about 27% dark matter. Scientists have not yet found what dark matter entirely is, but there are some theories. For almost 20 years, physicists have realized that the expansion of the universe, is moving quicker and quicker. The strange change of speed could result in the mysterious dark energy “stretching the universe.” Therefore, the theories of gravity are put on a hold, causing dark energy to be harder to explain.

Let's start by defining matter. People have asked "what is matter?" for quite a long time. Democritus, the ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician, envisioned structure in the building blocks of everything and he called the basis for this structure an atom; he wrote, "nothing exists except atoms and empty space: everything else is opinion." At the atomic level, the world can be described in terms of the elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and the like.

Dark Matter and Dark Energy are important. They can help us know how the universe began. These two are the mysteries of the universe; they compose about 90% of the universe. They are mysteries because we believe that they exist but we can’t see them or detect them. People question whether they manifest to be the same thing. Astronomers know very little about their constitution so they cannot assume they are related.

The Higgs boson or God Particle was theorised 50 years ago by two physicists Francois Elgert and Peter Higgs. They were awarded with a Nobel Prize for confirming its existence on July 4th, 2012. It is possible further research will lead to major discoveries in the future of physics . The Higgs boson is known as the key to understanding why mass exists and how it was originally constructed. It should be further examined and studied.

An Atom is the the basic building block of all matter. Atoms are made up of Particles, called: Protons, neutrons and Electrons. Protons carry a positive charge, the neutron carry 's a neutral charge and the electron carry’s a negative charge. The Atom has two main parts the Nucleus and the Electron Shell. The Nucleus contains the Protons and Neutrons. The electron Shell Contains the The electrons.

So they contribution that Takaaki Kajita made was discovering that neutrinos weigh something more than nothing. So before 2015 Everyone had believed they weighed nothing whatsoever, But until Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. Mcdonald came along they changed all branches of physics of and science forever. During the award ceremony, Takaaki Kajita’s wife and daughter were there. The Nobel committee said the discovery had “changed our understanding of the innermost workings of matter and can prove crucial to our view of the

In this paper, we study the four fundamental interactions, namely electromagnetic, weak, strong, and gravity separately along with its corresponding gauge boson; the theories of the four fundamental interactions and their evolution was studied carefully. We constrain ourselves to study the only part of the theories which deal with the force carriers and do so in such a manner that anyone with elementary knowledge mathematics and physics could understand what is being discussed in the paper.