The Disposal Of Colored Organic Waste Water

In the United States and in most of the world food dyes are exceedingly common. In addition to this, they have been brought into question as being dangerous for human and environmental health. From general observation and knowledge about this topic I knew that Red #40 dye (Allura Red AC) is at the height of this controversy. After some initial research, I discovered more information on Azo dyes, their effect on the environment, as well as wastewater treatment used to decontaminate water containing these dyes. This led to my interest on the topic of Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs) as a fairly recent solution to environmental issues regarding contaminants in water. I was curious to see how these processes work, as well as

The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize two organic dyes then observe their effective dye strength on various synthetic and natural materials. This was achieved by means of chemical reactions outlined below, heat to increase the reaction rate, ice baths to precipitate out the product, vacuum filtration to isolate the product, washing with water and 95% ethanol to purify the product, and dying of the clothe to observe dye effectiveness. The test of the effectiveness of the dye required that the fabric absorb one wavelength and then reflect the opposing color, and then be able to keep the color through basic washing. The presence of the dye on the fabric can be caused by ionic interaction, hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding, or simply

The applications of homogeneous photodegradation (single-phase system) to treat contaminated water, involves the use of an oxidant to generate radicals, which attack the organic pollutants to initiate oxidation. The major oxidants used are:

For my research evaluating the psychology and science behind drinking recycled water, I reviewed Collignon’s speech to understand a viewpoint of opponents against the use of supplementing the drinking water supply with pure recycled water. In his speeches, Collignon presents four major reasons why he believes recycled drinking water is high risk and why it should be used as a last resort. He states that it is a “bad option for the environment not only because of the waste but the energy consumption as well, it is needless money spent, he does not believe that adequate monitoring and testing exists to ensure safety, and it is a bad option for people’s health because of the increased risk. Although he states that his stance is not one

The use of a free radical scavenger is a helpful strategy for finding whether or not a free radical is involved in the degradation reaction mechanism. The reaction was explored in the presence of isopropanol, a well-known radical scavenger. That has been used in peroxide reactions to trap a wide range of radical species. The experiment was carried out by the addition of isopropyl alcohol (0.02M) as a radical scavenger. The rate constant decreased remarkably from 0.035 to 0.009 min-1.The decrease in the rate constant is due to the consumption of the generated OH radical by a scavenger. This experiment has clearly confirmed the participation of hydroxyl radical as a powerful oxidant in the oxidative degradation of the dye with the synthesized

The Blue Dye #1 reaction can be determined by utilizing Beer’s Law, and First and Second order integration. Beer’s law is first used to calculate the molar absorptivity of the Blue #1 dye. Beer’s law states that the concentration of the Blue #1 Dye is directly proportional to the absorbance of the solution. The molar absorptivity, e was calculated to be 9.63x104 and will be used when calculating the activation energy of the reaction. First, the rate order for both the Blue #1 and Bleach needed to be determined. A known concentration of both Blue #1 dye and bleach are needed to conclude the rate order of the solutions because the rate order is dependent on the concentration of the solution used. The absorbance versus time is plotted and from

After this we added .5g of NaCl and allowed the solution to cool to room temperature then placed it into an ice bath. The reaction mixture turned into a lighter shade of yellow and began to crystallize. The crystals were filtered through a Buchner funnel and rinsed twice with saturated aqueous NaCl solution. The reaction mixture was placed in a boiling water bath in order to dissolve most of the dye and all the contaminating salts. It was then cooled in a ice bath and filtered using a Buchner funnel. The product obtained was shiny and a metallic gray-gold color. The product weighed in at .207g of methyl orange, giving us a percent yield of

Chart 1 describes the structure of the key components and overall reaction pathways of the present photocatalytic CO2 reduction based on a TiO2 hybrid system with an antenna and Re-based molecular catalyst; : the antenna, is (E)-2-cyano-3-(5′-(5″-(p-(diphenylamino)phenyl)thiophen-2″-yl)thiophen-2′-yl)-acrylic acid (Dye);, molecular catalyst (ReP), is fac-[Re(4,4’-bis(diethoxyphosphorylmethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine)(CO)3Cl];, and the electron donor (ED), is 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,3-dihydrobenzimidazole. These compounds were prepared according to the literature methods.33,36–-38 The hybrid catalyst was prepared by sequentially anchoring the Dye dye and ReP on TiO2 semiconductor (Hombikat) sequentially. Successful anchoring of the components was confirmed by the absorbance comparison before and after each adsorption step of catalyst (Figures S2 and S3). In each adsorption step, the solution layer separated by centrifugation of the treated suspension was nearly transparent. The hybrid particles were dispersed in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) containing ED (0.1 M) in the absence or presence of H2O (3 vol%, 10 vol%, and 20 vol%), saturated with CO2 and then irradiated at >400 nm using an LED lamp (60 W, Cree Inc.).

It is well documented that light energized, photocatalytic TiO2 is a safe, non-toxic, anti- oxidant that produces hydroxyl radicals (OH-) that are remarkably effective in rapidly decomposing organic compounds. When UV light is emitted on the titanium dioxide, electron are released. The electrons interact with water molecules (H2O) in the solution, breaking them up into hydroxyl radicals (OH·), which are highly reactive, short-lived, uncharged forms of hydroxide ions (OH−). These agile hydroxyl radicals attack the organic (carbon-based) molecules from which most dirt and other harmful chemicals are made of, breaking apart their chemical

Dye-containing effluents represent crucial problem because of their high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids and the content of toxic compounds which causes problems in

In this study, the dyeing behavior of wool fabrics with madder has been studied. Also, the effect of different mordants (potassium dichromate, stannous chloride, alum, ferrous sulphate, lime, copper (I, II) sulphate, cobalt chloride, and nickel chloride) as well as three mordanting procedures namely pre-, meta- and post-mordanting on color characteristics of the dyed samples has been investigated. The adsorption isotherm of madder on wool fibers was found to follow Freundlich type of adsorption. The addition of salt and acid (pH 4.5) to the dyebath resulted in an increase of adsorption. In relation to mordanting tests, the use of different mordants and mordanting procedures gave various color characteristics on dyed wool fabrics. The results showed that all the dyed samples, mordanted and unmordanted, were in the first quadrant of CIEL*a*b* color space. Mordants such as potassium dichromate, ferrous sulphate and copper (I, II) sulphate led to the darker and lower chromaticity compared to unmordanted dyed sample while mordants stannous chloride, alum resulted in the lighter and higher chromaticity values. Mordanting with the chlorides of cobalt and nickel showed the minimal color difference (∆E) with the unmordanted dyed sample. The fastness properties indicated that in general wash and light fastness of the mordanted samples were higher than the unmordanted one.

Since the pre-historic era, natural dyes are common for their use in coloring of food substrate, leather, wool, silk and cotton. The use of this eco-friendly, non-toxic and non-allergic natural dyes have become important in order to avoid some hazardous synthetic dyes. However, given that the synthetic dyes are easier to use, cheap and widely produced and available, the usage of natural dyes continues on decreasing since the 19th century (Samanta, 2009).

For better results and increase the solubility, dispersion stability, levelling and fastness properties of the dyes additional dispersing agents added. These dispersing agents have a reducing effect on the dye during dyeing process and after dyeing they add to the COD and BOD of the effluent. To overcome these types of environmental concerns, DyStar introduced a range of ‘Green’ disperse dyes under its econfidence program which have ecofriendly chemicals. The issues caused by the use of dispersing agents is being settled with the invention of disperse dyes having temporarily solubilizing groups. Another way of eliminating the use of dispersing agents during dyeing process, is dyeing with microencapsulated

(d) Procedure is flexible and can be customized as per desires (for nitrogen elimination etc.).

The disposal of untreated wastewater coming from the industries into the water bodies will pollute the water bodies because of its high concentrations. So, the wastewater produced from the industry should be treated properly to meet the permissible limits given by central and state pollution control boards. Therefore it is necessary to treat the wastewater properly with the help of an appropriate treatment plant. However, the treatment plant even though properly planned may not work satisfactory because of several reasons. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the treatment plant considering individual treatment unit in the entire treatment flow. In the present work emphasis has been given to the study of the performance of treatment facilities because of its importance in the conventional treatment of wastewater. Hence, the literature review related to the evaluation of the entire treatment process along with biological treatment process particularly suspended growth process Activated Sludge Process (ASP), attached growth process Trickling Filter (TF) and a combination of the both suspended and attached growth process Hybrid Reactor (HR) is presented in the following sections of this chapter.