The Divide : American Injustice

This paper is going to discuss the Broken Window Theory. According to the textbook, “the Broken Window Theory is an informal theory of police responsibilities when they are controlling low level disorders and the relationship to more serious crimes.” (Criminal Justice) According to the Britannica website, “broken windows theory, academic theory proposed by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling in 1982 that used broken windows as a metaphor for disorder within neighborhoods. Their theory links disorder and incivility within a community to subsequent occurrences of serious crime.” The broken windows theory was introduced by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling in 1982. They created it as a metaphor for disorder within communities.

A lot of controversies have been risen to indicate how police are commonly acting against minority groups of people. So, there has been an understanding that the police is abusing the power and authority that is handed to them, therefore, the people who result the most affected are minority groups. Throughout the history of the United States, minorities have suffered to find freedom and liberty in the country. Most of this minorities have even faced racism against or another type of diminishment. From years before, the racism seemed to be lower and a great diversity of races are more as a community. However, there are still plenty of issues that are impacting this country. And this issues seem to be affecting minorities such as African

To truly test broken window theory would involve analyzing the public perception of disorder and crime (Gau & Pratt, 2010). Generally speaking do people differentiate between crime and disorder or do they blend together? If indeed people can distinguish between the two, then there is hope for maintenance policing and Broken Window Theory (Gau & Pratt, 2010). However, if they do in fact merge, then the effectiveness of maintenance policing and by proxy the validity of the concept of Broken Window Theory need to be rethought.

In this chapters controversial issue, the author looks at if white-collar criminals are under prosecuted. Across the United States there a number of crimes that are committed which are considered white collar. One example is when Bernard Madoff defrauded investors of 50 billion dollars in the largest Ponzi Scheme that has ever happened in American History. Another example is the John Rigas and his son were convicted of fraud when they used millions of corporate dollars for personal use. The term white-collar is used when a person of higher economic status commits a crime. However, the public remains relatively indifferent to white-collar crimes. There are allegations that white-collar crimes are under prosecuted. At the local level, offices

The broken windows theory influenced policing strategy, specifically, suggested the importance of combating minor disorder by policing. Since “disorder and crime are usually inextricably linked in a developmental sequence”, policing therefore has an eminent role in disrupting the trajectory linking minor disorder and serious crime. The hypothesis is that when police keep streets in good order by not tolerating minor disorder, people are likely to behave in a more orderly way.

Social disorganization and psychological theories are two of several theories associated with criminology and the attempt to understand the criminal mind. There are numerous components to the social disorganization theory, human ecology, social pathology, social ecology, cultural transmission the environment and the broken window theory (Schmalleger, 2015). Collectively these components define social disorganization theory as social change, conflict and local of social consensus as the cause of criminal deviance (Schmalleger, 2015). The purpose of this paper is to expand upon the social structure theory and the influence it has on the development of a psychopath.

Injustice is not fair. Injustice is bullying someone who is weaker than you without a reason. It is an unjust act or occurrence. It's not letting immigrants and people who need a fresh start to come to our country America, just because they're from another country and there not like us. Injustice is labeling someone a terrorist because of indifferent views and religion. The only thing to do when someone is aware of injustice happening is to speak out against it, and stop it from growing into larger and ongoing issue. If no one speaks out against it, this issue will simply grow and make the world an ugly place.

Many studies have shown punishment disparities amongst white-collar criminals and street criminals, mostly due to lack of violence in white-collar crime, so what is an effective punishment for white-collar offenders to mitigate recidivism? Posner (1980) defined the term white-collar crime as “the nonviolent crimes typically committed u either (1) well-to-do individuals or (2) associations, such as business corporations and labor unions, what are generally well-to-do compared to the common criminal” (p.409). Some would argue that the most effective punishment is to “hit them where it hurts,” by imposing fines. In this report I will analyze the results from a study on two groups of white-collar criminals

A central tenet of conventional liberal theory that has drawn the ire of many feminists is the public/private distinction, which is the idea that a political conception of justice ought not regulate the way people act outside of political life, such as within their families. Between the publications of A Theory of Justice and Justice as Fairness, John Rawls’ position on the public/private distinction evolved considerably. Two of the works that he cites in connection with this change are Michael Sandel’s Liberalism and the Limits of Justice and Susan Okin’s Justice, Gender, and the Family, which take staunchly different views of the implications of Rawls’ theory on the family. Whereas Sandel believes that, in the context of intimate relationships, claims of justice supplant the virtues that had previously governed the relationships without restoring the relationships’ full moral character; Okin believes that, while members of families can expect more than justice from the relationship, no association is exempted from the demands of justice. Over the course of this paper, I will highlight some of the important aspects of each of these positions and then introduce a third position, proposed by Joshua Cohen, that seeks to reconcile them.

This also links race, where police see the community in a disarray, and they often use it as a means of targeting the members of the community, typically African Americans, since they fit the bill of the preconceived notion of what a criminal

People from low socio-economic status and immigrants are perceived to be more likely involved in crimes than other groups. Although there have been people arguing that law have been judging these groups harshly, the erroneous beliefs still dominate most people’s minds (Surette, 2011). People tend to focus on people who commit actions that leads to property damage or personal harm and forget to focus on white collar crime that also cause damage to many people (Holtfreter, Van Slyke, Bratton & Gertz, 2008). In most cases, black people and immigrants are believed to be more likely involved in crime than white people. The same perception is target to the people of low socioeconomic status who have limited education yet there are people in the high social class who engage in crimes such as tax evasion (Barkan & Bryjak, 2009). Therefore, Crimes committed by people in high socioeconomic status are in most cases disregarded or assumed. In most cases, only a few people would consider educated and affluent people as probable suspect. Successful people are believed to be less likely to be involved in crime activities. Such myths are also evident in court rulings since wealthy people are mostly perceived differently from poor people, immigrants and Blacks (Holtfreter, Van Slyke, Bratton & Gertz, 2008). Such beliefs are just misconception since there are many affluent people who involve themselves with crimes. Such happens because Crimes committed by middle and high-class people in most cases do not involve violent hence society ignores such crimes (Surette,

Broken windows theory’s central concept is, “unchecked social disorder or public incivility is the cause of serious crimes (Text, 463)”. Crime and disorder are generally inseparably connected in a developmental series, at the community level. The series contains three stages. First, the spiral of decline starts when disorderly individuals are permitted to take over public places. These disorderly people are not exactly criminals or violent individuals, they are disreputable, disorderly, impulsive, panhandlers, drunks, addicts, rowdy teenagers, prostitutes, loiters, and the mentally ill. While, the chances of victimization are not great, the residents do not feel at ease

This paper explores the causes of crime and crime rates among the nation’s rich and poor. A comparison of criminal activity between the two classes is made to determine whether the legal system favors one over the other based on how the cases are handled. Lastly, a look into criminal theories that suggests certain environmental factors are conducive to and the reason for criminal behavior.

In reality, no one is exempt of crime; anyone is capable of committing crimes and need is not always the deciding factor. Those fortunate of economic wealth also enjoy the privilege of a high social status, and those of high social status do not need nor do they commit crimes. A myth, of course, but still believed by many. On the other hand, the less fortunate suffer discrimination based on their poor economic status among other factors. “Minorities experience unequal treatment and have less power over their lives than members of a dominant group” (Robert McNamara, 2009).

In urban societies, crimes rates are always high. Big cities with a large number of Hispanics and African American decent often get target by law enforcements by high criminal activities that occur on a daily basis. Often times certain minorities are targeted as suspects because of their skin color, body movement and fashion style. According to research done in 2011, the number of aggregation In stops of young African American men in the city of New York exceeded the total number of 168,126 (Alexandra Natapoff,1062.) Although assuming isn’t justified for potential targets, a suspicion of potential cases is essential to identify targets. According to the Law, you may not stop a citizen of this country without any evidence but that human right goes down the drain once a civilian enters generalize categories such as high profiled neighborhoods and time of the day. The purpose of this essay is to identify cultural backgrounds of urban societies and become knowledgeable of conflicting theories that effect police decisions. Citizens of this country need to be aware of how enforcements identify targets by using discriminative categories to match their descriptions. I will be using four journals as sources to identify police discrimination and analyze if potential police salaries in large cities plays a role in decision-making.