The Doha Round's Trade Negotiations

WTO: World Trade Organization deals with the global trading rules between international governments. The overall rules must be predictable enough so that everyone involved isn’t dealing with chaotic sudden changes.

With trade being a constant issue with world relations, the World Trade Organization immersed. This contemporary organization is the only global intercontinental organization apportioning the rules of trade between countries. The WTO standards were negotiated and signed by the majority of the world's trading nations and ratified in their

The World Trade Organization was developed in 1995 out of what was known as the Uruguay Round. Although GATT set rules they mostly dealt with issues just involving simple trade of goods and the distribution of tariffs. The WTO has a broader job than the GATT; “…it oversees multilateral agreements relating not just to good, but also to services, investment and intellectual property.” (Douglas Irwin, 186) The World Trade Organization is an independent organization and decisions are made out of consensus of the member countries involved, not from the World Trade Organization itself. When a country complains about another country and the way they run things that could affect their home country, the WTO must make a decision on what must be done. Once a ruling has been made the losing country must implement one of three strategies:

Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (Trips) Have Been Adopted With A View To Encourage Fair Competition At The International Level, But Trips Rules Tilt The Balance In Favour Of Imperfect Competition With Each Country And Exacerbates International Inequalities.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established and incorporated in January 1st 1995 at the amendment of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) in 1994 with the aim of regulating international trade. The creation of this organization clearly underscored the acceptance and commitment of trade liberalization by most of the international communities. Upon signing and ratifying the WTO

There are many different ways of understanding the world trade organisation (WTO). It is an organisation for trade openings where the governments of different countries are giving the opportunity to negotiate trade agreements and for them to resolve trade controversy. Many countries have faced a lot of trade barriers and wanted them to be removed, so these negotiations have helped to open trade in the market. Although the organisation is not only about opening markets because in some situations the rules support maintaining trade barriers for the country’s benefit. The agreement signed by the world trading nations is a document which provides legal rules for international exchange. They are contract binding governments to keep their trade policies within an agreed limit. The goal of the WTO is to help conduct the business for producers of goods and services, exporters and importers whereas allowing the governments to meet their social and environmental objectives. The trade relations frequently include contradictory interests, so the most pleasant way to sort out these quarrels is through some unbiased procedures based on an agreed legal foundation. This is the intention behind the dispute settlement process written into the WTO agreements. (WTO | What is the WTO? - Who we are 2016)

The World Trade Organization has 160 countries as members and manages over 95% of the world trade flows. The WTO is a successor of the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), an institution founded after the World War II to promote free trade as crucial for economic stability.

Out of the ashes of a global economy torn by war and depression when protectionism was prevalent as a security measure, the General Agreement on Tarriffs and Trade (GATT) was formed in 1947. It was designed to lower tariffs and other trade barriers, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis so as to help in economic recovery. Several rules were present in GATT, and were later on carried onto WTO, including:

There is a saying, “There are gains from trade. Because of trading, we are now driving the fancy sporty cars such as Lamborghini and Ferrari which are produced by Italy; and Italian are using the hottest smart phone which designed by American”. Trading brings a huge benefit for these two countries which is sharing and gaining their superior production to each other. However, nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards. Although trading has diversified advantages, it could be some risks hidden back. For instance, drugs trading and arms trading can endanger national security. Therefore, we need to make up trading agreement to regularize trading among those countries to ensure any trading activities are legal and safety. The World Trade Organization (WTO) which was called General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is an intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade( ). The WTO manages regulation of exchange between the interest nation by giving a structure to arrange exchange assertions and a debate determination procedure to authorize the members’ adherence to WTO understandings, which are marked by agents of part government and confirmed by their parliament.( )THE WTO current has 160 member states which is one of the biggest trade organization. United States has participated in WTO since 1995 and was a member of GATT since 1948. Therefore, United States has built favorable economic relations within WTO member countries. However; United

Founded in 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO)—formally known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)—would officially commence in the late 20th century with more than 123 nations taking part. The intergovernmental organization, which was established to regulate international trade, replaced GATT as of April 15th, 1994 following the signing of the Marrakesh Agreement by more than 120 global nations, and was officially legitimized more than 20 years ago on January 1st 1995 following GATTS’s unsuccessful attempt in creating an International Trade Organization in 1948 (WTO, 2016). It is of vital importance to understand the history of GATT and its eventual development into what is known today as the World Trade

The official start of business the World Trade Organization on January 1, 1995., Which is the result of many years of the Uruguay Round[1], it has become for many evidence of effective multilateral policy influence negotiations on liberalization of world trade flows. WTO, becoming the institutional platform for cooperation between Member on the plane conducted trade negotiations would intensify the implementation and functioning of the multilateral agreements and regulations.

However Doha Round 2001 still remains to be ratified. It settles trade disputes between member countries. Finally, with 188 members it is argued that this organisation has played a key role in bringing unity and the tighter integration of the world economy. It was known as General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) up until 1995. The WTO has four main roles. Firstly, it acts as an orchestra conductor to ensure that all rules are respected. The Doha Round includes agriculture, environment, development etc. so it is no surprise that an agreement between the 188 countries has not been resolved as it is a lengthy process, a consensus among members through a round of negotiations must be agreed. Secondly, a role of trade tribunal. The WTO settles disputes between countries. If countries in dispute cannot settle differences by themselves a definitive ruling will be issued in which the losing party must comply. If it does not comply it is liable to sanctions, over 400 complaints have been filed by WTO members since 1995. Furthermore, it acts as a monitor as it is constantly reviewing trade policies of its members, assessing whether members are abiding by WTO rules. Finally, a training role. Government officials from developing countries are offered training programmes, an average of 35 million Swiss francs is spent annually with Africa as the main beneficiary followed by Asia and Latin America.

The WTO conducts negotiations through what they call ‘rounds’. The November 2001 declaration of the Fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, known as the Doha Development Round, provides the mandate for negotiations on a range of subjects. Its

The world that exists today was built on two things: innovation and the pursuit of one’s self interest. Our founding founders believed intellectual property to be a way to encourage innovation. Intellectual property (IP) is what ties these two building blocks together. IP is a property right that is granted by some form of government. The government strictly enforces individual property rights, which some believe tends to attract more investment, grows faster, and thus has better outcomes for its citizens. Others believe that IP is an intellectual monopoly that controls people’s creativity and imagination. The economists, who believe IP is a necessity in today’s society, say that there are only

     The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. The World Trade Organization came into being in 1995. One of the youngest of the international organizations, the WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second World War. The World Trade Organization exists to ensure that trade between nations flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. It provides and regulates the legal issues which governs world trade now .