The Doping Of Semiconductor By Rare Earth Metal Nanoparticle

Conduct studies on food, air, water and soil to determine how they are altered when coming into contact with medicines, garden chemicals and industrial chemicals

Pharmaceuticals are defined as prescription, over the counter and veterinary therapeutic drugs used to prevent or treat human and animal diseases, while personal care products (PCPs) are used mainly to improve the quality of daily life [16]. Over the past few years, there has been growing awareness of the unintentional presence of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in various compartments of the aquatic environment at concentrations capable of causing detrimental effects to the aquatic organisms. This has become a major concern because PPCPs are extensively and increasingly used in human and veterinary medicine, resulting in their continuous release to the environment.

It seems that human can start to overcome most of diseases by using antibiotics without any bad influence. But as time goes by, the side effects show up. The excessive use of antibiotics brings the disadvantages and problems with the heaps of advantages simultaneously. Antibiotics are not only exacerbating the health risk of animals, and human beings, but also exacerbating the environmental impairment. The antibiotics are used to treat and prevent diseases in human beings and animals’ medicine, but there are many kinds of risks deriving from the antibiotics therapies, which include the development and spread of resistant bacteria strains and environmental contamination; besides, the micro-biotic organism is also a big issue we need to concern about.

Many surveys and studies confirm the presence of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater and effluents, reports WHO. However, according to WHO, studies in the US have detected very low levels

This study was about learning about how pharmaceuticals could damage the environment. Since they know this does contaminate the water but the effects of this was unknown. Duckweed was used because it is a common aquatic species that is found worldwide. Tetracycline and Ibuprofen were tested on common duckweed for five weeks. The results showed that there was not a significant different with the tetracycline but there was a difference with ibuprofen. The tetracycline showed growth as control but the ibuprofen showed

Ciprofloxacin is a fluorinated antibiotic which is used to treat different types of bacterial infections. There is significant concern that antibiotics and hormonal based medications particularly those found in the pill are effecting the breeding cycles of animals, in particular in the oceans. These chemicals are found in domestic waste and pass through waste water treatment facilities (WWTF) into the water ways. This experiment determined the ciprofloxacin concentration in the sea water at three locations in major city (See map below, red dots indicate locations, red arrow

A compromise of human comfort and perfect disinfection is established and this is why most chlorine based pool disinfectants are labelled that they should be used at (reference) pH 7.2 to 7.6. This is to avoid a too low pH for humans while achieving optimum

ZnS:Mn-Cyst nanocrystals were synthesized following slight modifications of a previously reported method for the synthesis of conventional L-aminoacids-capped ZnS:Mn nanocrystals via the formation of zinc (II)-amino acid coordinated complexes as reactive intermediates.16 A 50 mL aqueous solution of ZnSO4·5H2O (1.44 g, 5 mmol) was slowly added to a 50 mL aqueous solution containing 0.77 g (10 mmol) of cysteamine. MnSO4·H2O (0.04 g, 0.2 mmol) and Na2S (0.40 g, 5 mmol) were seperatley dissolved in 20 mL of DI water. This mixture was subsequently transferred to the flask containing the [Zn-Cyst] complexes under vigorous stirring. The pH of the solutions was adjusted by the addition of 0.1 M NaOH or 0.1 M H2SO4 aqueous solution to the mixture solution. The resulting solution was refluxed for ∼10 h. Slow cooling to ambient temperature and the addition of ethanol produced yellow-white precipitates at the bottom of the flask. Finally, the obtained solids were separated by centrifugation and decanting the supernatant. The solids were

over a three year period that when the use of alcohol rubs increased from 3.5 to 16.4

Doctors prescribe medicine for a wide variety of illnesses. Even if you aren’t sick, you may be getting small doses of someone’s medicine through our water supply. Though no studies have shown negative impacts are humans, the stress of these prescription drugs on aquatic life show it is time to act! These drugs can cause a wide variety of problems when they get into the environment and the water.

The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of diazinon using titanium dioxide nanoparticles DAP with iron in the presence of ultraviolet light from the aqueous

Methyl paraben and propyl paraben occurs as colorless crystals or a white crystalline powder. They are odorless or almost odorless and have a slight burning taste. The parabens are effective antimicrobials over a wide pH range of 4 to 8 and have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity (100). Methylparaben is the least active of the parabens; antimicrobial activity increases with increasing chain length of the alkyl moiety (Propyl paraben) but aqueous solubility decreases; therefore a mixture of parabens is frequently used to provide effective preservation(101). Methyl paraben (1 in 400) is more water soluble than propyl paraben (1 in 2500).

the optimal conditions for removing amoxicillin from a synthetic solution were as follows: pH=1, initial concentration of the antibiotic=1 mg/L, nano-catalyst=1 mg/L and contact time=1 min. The greatest efficiency of antibiotic removal under optimal conditions obtained for synthetic solutions was 1% and for the real sample of the pharmaceutical industry wastewater was as much as 1%.

Pharmaceutical formulations as prescription or over-the-counter medications are used to treat human and animal disease conditions (Thiele-Bruhn and Beck, 2005). Generally, drugs and other related compounds are biologically active and their molecular weights may range from 200 to 500 / 1000 Dalton. Currently, there is paucity of information on the total global administration of drugs to humans and animals. Despite the unavailability of data, sales in 2004 alone totaled $518 billion (Kümmerer, 2009). An increase to about $1.2 trillion by 2016 is expected due to the influence of merging markets, biologics and generics (IMS Health, 2012). Consequently, increased production, sales and ingestion of pharmaceutical chemicals (PHCs) may translate to higher residues in the environment. Typically, an ingested drug becomes metabolized and a part is excreted through urine and / or feces possibly in different forms. However, their removal during conventional wastewater treatments is inefficient because of their nature (Zuehlke et al., 2004; Daughton, 2007). Prescription (branded and non-branded) and over-the-counter medication are the major classifications of pharmaceutical products available to the United States (U.S.) population.

Although the state of America’s water infrastructure is of great concern, the types of chemicals found in America’s tap water are equally as frightening. The passage of the Water Act in 1972 prevents the direct dumping of hazardous chemicals directly into waterways, and helps regulate quality standards of water. However, the Clean Water Act is has no jurisdiction on regulating indirect dumping of chemicals that integrates into water supplies. Pesticides and prescription drugs are the greatest cause for concern of indirect containments in America’s water supply (Olsen). An abundance of the harmful chemicals found in liquefied animals feces, used in large dairy states, have percolated into drinking wells that have caused serious infections (Duhigg). However, more harmful containments are infiltrating water supplies. Such containments include