The Dreyfus Affair: Affecting France

This book takes place sometime during the 1960s after the Second World War. Some Germans would rather forget it ever happened than acknowledge the disgraceful events that took place during World War II “Adolf Eichmann's trial began on April 11, 1961 in Jerusalem, Israel. Eichmann was

Was this Violent Period During the French Revolution Necessary? Robespierre, the most famous French Revolutionary, believes that the citizens of France should extinguish the threats inside and outside of France or meet one’s death. Began in 1789, the French Revolution began as an attempt to form a new government in France. This gruesome period, that lasted about ten to eleven months, was the Reign of Terror.

The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal that divided France for many years, during the late nineteenth century. It cantered on the condemnation by high treason of Alfred Dreyfus in 1894, an artillery officer of the French army, of Jewish origin. The accused was subjected to a fraudulent process conducted behind closed doors. He was accused of having written a list of secret military documents of the French government that he intended to send to the German embassy in Paris. A military court found him guilty in 1894; He was demoted and transferred to Devil's Island, where he was to remain a prisoner for the rest of his life. His conviction provoked a national conflict that led the progressive Republican sector to a dominant position in French politics and that culminated in the separation of the Church and the State.

It happened on the treason conviction which took place in 1894 of Alfred Dreyfus, a artillery officer in the French army with Jewish origin, or as the public knows it – "The Dreyfus affair". Dreyfus was accused with passing military secrets to the German Embassy in France. In fact, he was innocent. The whole conviction was based on

Throughout history, anti-Semitism has been a reoccurring problem in which the Dreyfus Affair was an important event. The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal, which divided France from the 1890's to the early 1900's. It was a very important event in history. 1894 marked the start of a revolution for Jewish people, as a French-Jewish artillery officer, Captain Alfred Dreyfus was accused of treason (Isseroff). The accusations against Dreyfus were false all because he was a Jew. Following his accusation Dreyfus accumulated many followers that became known as Dreyfusards and there were also those who were against him called anti-Dreyfusards (Drefler).

The Dreyfus affair led to the formation of Zionism as a backlash to the rise of French anti-Semitism. The rise of anti-Semitism led citizens to question the meaning of being French. As tensions grew, French citizens began to assimilate being French with being Christian,

The people were divided into two groups, the Dreyfusards and the anti-Dreyfusards. The Dreyfusards included writers and intellectuals who supported Dreyfus's innocence and aimed to have the case reopened. The anti-Dreyfusards included the military, conservatives, and anti-Semites; they wanted the issue to disappear. Eventually the issue became such a problem for the military, they organized a public court martial in order to acquit Esterhazy. Of course the entire trial was a complete farce; Esterhazy was completely acquitted of all charges.

The Dreyfus Affair is one of the most famous political scandals in history. It divided France, and it is seen as a symbol of injustice. It was caused by anti-Semitism, as Jews were not welcome in France. The nation was divided into two – the Dreyfusards and the anti-Dreyfusards. Each side had arguments, and did not accept each other’s arugments.

The author explained how the French Revolution starts and also how choice made by the royal government affect the old regime which moved the country into different conflicts. For example, in chapter 1 “The

Herzl, a renowned correspondent for an important Viennese newspaper, displayed little concern in Jewish questions until the early 1890s. His experiences with anti-Semitism, both in the university and in his working life, persuaded him that the world needs the Jewish State; therefore it will arise (Hertzberg, 202). He initially thought of the Jewish question as a social issue and wrote a play, The Ghetto in 1894, which was about the predicament of Vienna Jewry, in which assimilation and conversion were rejected as solutions. He hoped that The Ghetto would lead to discussion and finally to a solution, based on mutual tolerance and respect between Christians and Jews (Hertzberg, 202 & 203). Later, he stated that he considered the Jewish question as neither a social nor a religious one even though it “often took these two forms.” Rather, he called it a national question that would be discussed and settled by the civilized nations of the world (Hertzberg, 209). He was also persuaded by the treason conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus in France and the hatred toward the

The common idea linking these three articles is reviewing a sequence of events in the Dreyfus affair, which took place 1895 in French. The articles examine the public influence of the incident in France and on the establishment of the Jewish state.

Theodor Herzl is often referred to today as the Father of Zionism, a man known for his role in the establishment of a homeland for the Jewish people. His most famous pamphlet, The Jewish State, inspired thousands of Jewish men and women from across the world, although particularly in Europe, to leave their homes to realize the glory of creating their own homeland in Palestine. While Herzl was originally a believer in the gradual assimilation of German and Austrian Jews into the European cultural world, the growing anti-Semitism within Europe led him to believe that the only solution to Jewish ostracism was the creation of a separate state for Jews in Palestine. Although Theodor Herzl became, over the

Theodor was The founfer Of the political form Of Zionist, which means the movement to establishe a jewish homeland. Growing up Theodor was rasied in a anti – Se,itic atmosphere, as he grew up he became a well know newspaper writer. Theodor is also very well know for his role as Jourmalist and a political activist. He promoted Immigration to Palestine in order to form a jesish state. In 1897 he orgamized a world congress of Zionist in swizerland becoming the first president of the worlds Zionist Organization. Herzl claimed that the Jews could gain acceptance in the world only if they stopped being an anomaly among nations. He asserted that the scattered Jews are one people. Herzl proposed to collect funds from Jews around the world by a company which would work toward settling Jews in Palestine. and securing a state. After Theorder Herzl died in 1904 soon after the conflict begain but Theorder Zionist organization has made many jews not give up fighting the palsinte

In the nineteenth century, the situation of the Jews in Europe was dangerous. The rise of the Anti-Semitism in Europe was inevitable. Theodor Hertzl, a Jewish Austro-Hungarian journalist and writer, was one of the fathers of the idea of a Jewish State, a place where jews could live without any persecutions. Herzl was aware of the reality in Europe at that time and he started to build his project about the Jewish State. After many adventures, he succed to lead the first Zionist Congress in Basel, in 1887. In 1896, Herzl published his book : Der Judenstaat, where he announced his vision of the Jewish State. Hertzl is until today, considered as the former of the Zionism . Hertzl presented a vision of equality, justice and modern judaism in

Liberté, égalité, fraternité was the cry of freedom that countless people used to propel them through, and to the end of the French Revolution. This long period of social, political and economic change in France lasted 10 years, starting in 1798 and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte. The French Revolution greatly affected all of Europe at the time and continues to represent the embodiment of revolution to this day. This constant struggle between the heavily taxed, burdened, and unrepresented third estate and those higher created an environment of monumental change for everyone. In the years leading up to the French Revolution, new beliefs and ideas were reaching every corner of Europe creating the thought that men should live free of oppression. However, in France the leader Louis XVI lead like a tyrant leaving the people impoverish and angry. Through the analysation of numerous circumstance present during the Ancien Régime, such as an inferior fiscal leadership, massive debt, and the forthcoming of new ideas during the Enlightened period, it can be concluded that the means for this revolution were justified as it is in our essence to revolt for a change.