The Drug For Treating Bacterial Infections

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or more commonly, MRSA, is an emerging infectious disease affecting many people worldwide. MRSA, in particular, is a very interesting disease because although many people can be carriers of it, it generally only affects those with a depressed immune system; this is why it is so prevalent in places like nursing homes and hospitals. It can be spread though surgeries, artificial joints, tubing, and skin-to-skin contact. Although there is not one specific treatment of this disease, there are ways to test what antibiotics work best and sometimes antibiotics aren’t even necessary.

Antibiotics are inarguably one of the greatest advances in medical science of the past century. Although the first natural antibiotic Penicillin was not discovered until 1928 by Scottish biologist Alexander Flemming, evidence exists that certain plant and mold growths were used to treat infections in ancient Egypt, ancient India, and classical Greece (Forrest, 1982). In our modern world with the advent of synthetic chemistry synthetic antibiotics like Erithromycin and its derivative Azithromycin have been developed. Antibiotics have many uses including the treatment of bacterial and protozoan infection, in surgical operations and prophylactically to prevent the development of an infection. Through these applications, antibiotics have saved countless lives across the world and radically altered the field of medicine. Though a wonderful and potentially lifesaving tool, antibiotic use is not without its disadvantages. Mankind has perhaps been too lax in regulation and too liberal in application of antibiotics and growing antibiotic resistance is the price we must now pay. A recent study showed that perhaps 70% of bacterial infections acquired during hospital visits in the United States are resistant to at least one class of antibiotic (Leeb, 2004). Bacteria are not helpless and their genetic capabilities have allowed them to take advantage of society’s overuse of antibiotics, allowing them to develop

In 1928 Dr. Alexander Fleming began to sort through a pile of petri dishes containing colonies of bacteria that causes boils, sore throats, and abscesses. As he sorted through the dishes he noticed something unusual on one dish. It was dotted with colonies, and one area had a blob of mold growing. The area of mold was later identified as a rare strain of Penicillium notatum, the mold had secreted something that inhibited bacterial growth. Fleming later uncovered that this mold was capable of killing a wide range of harmful bacteria such as streptococcus, meningococcus and the diphtheria bacillus, that had played humanities. Prior to the discovery of Penicillin, Sulfa drugs were used during World War II. These drugs were name as the “wonder drug”. Although they’re still used today, Sulfa drugs were used to cure bacterial infections such as UTIs and gonorrhea. The new found drug penicillin, would cure millions and replace the use of Sulfa drugs.

Cephalexin, is a beta-lactam antibiotic. The antibiotic binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins positioned inside the bacterial cell wall, this inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. The consequences are fatal to the susceptible bacteria but comparatively harmless for the human cells because the latter does not possess such a structure. Cell

The disclosure by Alexander Fleming of penicillin opened up a totally new time of chemotherapy. Antibiotics are the chemotherapeutic specialists that kill or inhabit the development of microorganisms. These substance operators are utilized to treat malady by wrecking pathogenic microorganisms or restraining their development at focus sufficiently low to enough to avoid undesirable harm to the host (Dafale et al., 2016).

When penicillin was released to the public in 1944, it was a miracle drug. Infections that had been killers were suddenly treatable. Doctors recommended it generously, both for illnesses that needed it and illnesses that didn’t. Before long, however, it took much stronger doses to see penicillin’s effects. When the antibiotic arms race began in 1944, most physicians assumed that new antibiotics would be discovered or created to keep up with the evolving resistance in bacteria, but the bacteria are constantly evolving new defenses and doctors are starting to run low on antibiotic ammunition. MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, is one of many types of bacteria

mechanism. Penicillin uses a ß-lactam ring as a substrate to clog the active site of

According to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH) Staphylococcus Aureus (S. Aureus) was first discovered in the 1880s. The S. Aureus infection caused pain on site, boils, and scaled skin. The S. Aureus infection can cause bacterial pneumonia or bacteria in the blood stream which can have fatal effects. In the 1940s the use of the antibiotics such as penicillin became a routine treatment for the infection. The consistent treatment using antibiotics lead to the bacteria evolving and becoming resistant to the drugs that were fighting the bacteria. In the late 1950s scientist developed methicillin, which is a form of penicillin,

Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of human bacterial infections worldwide1, and following the discovery and widespread utilization of antibiotics, S. aureus has evolved to become resistant to a number of antimicrobial treatments. Most notably, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains have acquired the mecA gene, encoding the penicillin binding protein (PBP2a), which confers resistance to oxacillin and all β-lactam antibiotics 2. These characteristics, combined with other virulence factors, have made MRSA infections difficult to treat, and lead to MRSA being recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality 3. MRSA is also the leading cause of nosocomial infections4–6, contributing significantly to increased healthcare costs 7. CDC estimated in 2008 that MRSA was responsible for 89,785 cases of disease, causing 15,249 deaths in the US8.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections that are becoming increasingly difficult to treat because of emerging resistance to all current antibiotics. Infections are created by pathogens, or microbes that create diseases. There are different types of microbes including: bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Some microbes are beneficial to the human body, however, there are pathogens that are deadly and require antibiotics. Antibiotics are antimicrobials that were developed to destroy microbes. Penicillin, the first commercialized antibiotic, was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming.(Enright, Robinson, Randle, 2002) While it wasn’t distributed among the general public until 1945, it was widely used in World War II for surgical and wound infections among the Allied Forces. Methicillin was introduced in 1959 to treat infections caused by penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In 1961, there were reports from the United Kingdom of S. aureus isolates that had acquired resistance to methicillin (methicillin-resistant S. aureus, MRSA).(Enright, Robinson, Randle, 2002)

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a pathogen that causes many complicated health infections in our body. It’s a type of s. aureus bacteria that can produced by process of resistance to many antibiotics such as dicloxacillin, oxacillin, and methicillin. Why is MRSA so dangerous? Its natural ability is to continue transforming in ways to prevent from antibiotic from being completely successful in the batter against MRSA. The US had spent billions of dollar every year into research in order to prevent it from further spreading. In order to do so, we must step up to advance our technology and knowledge to be able to defeat the bacterial warfare. This research will discuss the prevalence and different factors of the disease, it

Take for example MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), a S. aureus strain that was discovered in 1961 to be resistant to the antibiotic methicillin. Webmd indicates that MRSA has now grown its resistance from methicillin to “amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin and many other common antibiotics” (MRSA). This increase in resistance of a methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus can be attributed to the increasing use and overuse of antibiotics, not only in the doctor’s office but also in agriculture. MRSA is only one of many antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. New resistant strains are evolving rapidly. According to Dr. Ed Warren, “there are high levels of antibiotic resistance in bacteria causing common infections (e.g. urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections) in all regions of the world” (21).

Antibiotics are vastly known to be prominent therapeutic agents used to treat and prevent bacterial infections. Antibiotics involve chemical substances, either of natural or synthetic origins, that destroy pathogenic microorganisms with minimal damage to host tissues. These chemotherapeutic agents combat various diseases by affecting different targets in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Antibiotics work through several mechanisms of action to combat target pathogens: (1) inhibition of cell wall synthesis; (2) inhibition of protein synthesis; (3) injury to the plasma membrane; (4) inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis; and (5) competitive inhibition of the synthesis of essential metabolites.

There seems to be an ongoing battle between the evolution of bacteria and modern medicine. This has become a serious problem in hospitals as bacterial resistant infections continue to be on the rise despite the practice of standard precautions that treat all patients as if they have an infectious disease. One of the leading public health threats today is meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA. With all of the advancements in medicine, it is hard to believe that we do not have the ability to manufacture new antibiotics that would target these resistive organisms. The problem is not only confined to the United States but affects people globally. According to Bartlett, Gilbert, & Spellberg (2013) this is being considered a

Antibacterial antibiotics are a substance present in fungi, which inhibits the growth and production of bacterial infections. The discovery of the first antibiotic, penicillin, was a turning point in medical history, as illnesses that were once perceived as difficult to treat or even fatal, now had a possible treatment. After the discovery of penicillin, the misuse and overuse of antibiotics become common in many different professions. This has resulted in bacteria becoming less easily detected due to structural changes, with some even being multi-resistant, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) (Williams 2014).