The Economic Impact Of Amoebic Dysentery

Some of the most emerging and re-emerging agents of the waterborne diseases are; Cholera which is caused by the ingestion of water that is infected by Vibrio Cholerae. This is a painless form of diarrhea characterized by watery stool. Dysentery which is caused by Escherichia Coli. Typhoid that is caused by Salmonella typhi which is usually accompanied by fever is yet another disease. Gastroenteritis diseases caused by Giardia and Cryptosporodia and some species of hepatitis are also known to be caused by water (CDC, 2011). These disease causing agents find their way into the human body through infected water that people from the poorer communities in Uganda use and have no option of cleaner water.

An average of 1.8 billion people around the world face the problem of unsanitary drinking water. From adults to children living in developing countries they risk disease and illness by drinking unsafe water. More than 840,000 people die a year related to water disease, and are faced with symptoms such as diarrhea. Diarrhea alone, from poor drinking water and sanitation, kills approximately 2,300 people per day. Related to this statistic one child dies every minute from water-related illnesses. Many people around the world are faced with a water issue such as unsanitary drinking water, and women spend hours each day collecting water just to survive. The people in theses countries have no option since without water humans can’t

Ingestion of the endospore causes infection. Once it reaches the preferred anaerobic environment of the gut, the endospores germinate and begin releasing toxins A and B (Burns & Minton 2011). The presence of C. difficile does not necessarily mean infection. A patient can be positive for C. difficile but have normal stool, which means there is colonization without infection. Patients who have the C. difficile pathogen without experiencing any symptoms allow it to be passed along undetected which contributes to the ongoing spread to others. Only when toxin A and toxin B are released at suitable levels does C. difficile become pathogenic to humans. Once infected, typical symptoms include watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, colitis, fever, and fecal leukocytes. Moderate to severe Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) consist of profuse diarrhea, abdominal distention, leukocytosis, systemic inflammatory response, pseudomembranous colitis, megacolon and death (Sunenshine & McDonald, 2006). With the combination of a highly resilient endospores, and asymptomatic carriers, this allows C. difficile to persist in the environment and spread to patients with compromised immune systems, or older patients who have a high risk of contracting CDI with a higher severity than healthy adults (Laffan, Bellantoni, Greenough, Zenilman, 2006).

drastic and, as the disease mainly strikes the poorest parts of Africa, the costs of tending to or

E. coli or Escherichia coli are a kind of bacteria that affects the intestinal or the digestive system of a human being, which can even lead to death. It is one of the subgroup of fecal coliform bacteria. E. coli O157:H7 is that toxic microorganism or bacteria which causes the intestinal disease in the human beings which is most likely to last about a week. The common symptoms of these diseases are that the patient will have diarrhea with blood (Clermont, Bonacorsi and Bingen 2000). However, the serve cases of this disease may lead to kidney problems, which can lead to death especially when the patient is a child or an elderly person. That is, it can act severely in those patients who have does not have a strong immune system. Some types of E. coli are normally found in the intestines of people and animals

coli bacteria is a type of bacteria that can live in the intestines of animals and humans. However, there are some types of the E. coli bacteria, particularly E. coli 0157:H7, that can cause intestinal infections. Symptoms of this type of infection include dehydration, abdominal cramps, fever and bloody diarrhoea. These symptoms can endure 2-8 days after exposure to the bacteria. Since these symptoms generally resolve after a few days to a week, most cases of E. coli 0157:H7 infection can be treated at home.

Furthermore, dangerous strains of E. coli, such as E. coli O157:H7, produces toxins such as Shiga toxins. These toxins have the capabilities to damage the lining of the small intestine, which can result in stomach cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and bloody stool. If a person can come into contact with a contaminated source, symptoms can appear about three to four days after exposure and can usually last between one to nine days. The infected host is considered contagious until their symptoms stop and even a couple days after that. The way E. coli O157:H7 is diagnosed is by a special stool culture that is sent to a stool laboratory, where tests are run to

The gastrointestinal tract is home to up 1,000 species of microorganisms! Most of these organisms are harmless and even aid the body in normal circumstances, but when the balances of these organisms become upset the once harmless bacteria can grow ramped and make you sick. Ratini (2015) states that one of the worst attackers is a bacterium called Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) . As this bacterium grows out of control, it releases toxins that attack the lining of the intestines, which causes a condition called Clostridium difficile colitis. Although this bacterium is more rare than other intestinal bacteria, C. difficile is one of the most popular causes of infectious diarrhea in the U.S. C. difficile infection can range from causing minor discomfort to life-threatening. Ratini (2015) also says some symptoms of mild cases include watery diarrhea; three or more times a day for several days, with abdominal pain or tenderness. In more severe cases, C. difficile infection symptoms include watery diarrhea, up to 15 times a day, severe abdominal pain, loss of appetite, fever, blood in stool, and weight loss. In some rare cases, C. difficile leads to a hole in the intestines, which can be fatal if it is not treated. C. difficile can be diagnosed by analyzing stool in the specimens tested for the toxins. Ratini (2015) says that in rare cases, a colonoscopy may be required to ensure that one is actually suffering from C. difficile infection.

Social determinants such as poverty or location can make a population susceptible to transmission of diseases. In the earlier part of the twentieth century the rural American South was plagued with hookworms. The worms, which live in the bowel, were passed by feces into poorly managed waste systems. They were transmitted to the host, usually children through bare feet. In summer month’s poorer children were bare foot. The transmission was stopped not by putting shoes on the children but by building better sanitary “privies” or outhouses (Dinsmore, 1912). By containing fecal matter the hookworms were contained. In rural areas containment of fecal matter also controls typhoid fever and amebic dysentery.

Two out of every five people living in Sub-Saharan Africa lack safe water. A baby there is 500 times more likely to die from water-related illness than one from the United States. This is a serious ongoing issue that requires the rest of the world to take action. Water spreads diseases easily if the necessary precautions are not taken. Many developing African countries don’t have sewage treatment, or the people don’t have methods to filter and disinfect. Once a person is sick either there is no way to cure them, or medical care is too expensive, so they are left untreated with a high risk of death. Although many believe that the fight for sanitary water in Africa is insurmountable, people in these developing countries can overcome their challenge to access clean water and avoid water-borne diseases through proper sewage treatment facilities, universal water filtration and medical care.

Each year, 4 billion episodes of waterborne illnesses result in 2 million deaths mostly among children. Cause of death stem from dehydration

Although my family is fortunate to always have running water in their homes, a large population of Kenya’s women and children devote their days to fetching clean water from scarce fresh water sources to bring back to their homes. Along with water shortage, water pathogens are an ongoing issue in Kenya, as the people have been left unprotected against recurrent epidemics such as parasitic worms and cholera through the country’s running water.

Katz, M. A. (January 01, 2014). Hospitalizations and deaths caused by diarrhea in children five years old and younger at four hospitals in Haiti, 2010-2012. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90, 2, 291-3.

The lifecycle of the B. Hominis remains unclear up to this date (“Blastocystis,” 2012). This is a thick-walled cyst that is present in stools (“Blastocystis,” 2012). This parasite is transmitted through fecal-oral. This parasite can appear in many different forms like vacuolar and granular forms, mutlivacuolar and avacuolar forms, ameboid form, and cyst form (“Blastocystis Hominis,” n.d.). The cyst form enters the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and it multiplies (“Blastocystis,” 2012). Therefore, the vacuolar and ameboid form and then the vacuolar develops into a pre cyst (“Blastocystis,” 2012). Later, it gives it a thin- wall cyst which tends to be the reason of the infection. The ameboid also gives a pre-cyst with a thick-wall by

The disease, cholera, is an infection of the intestines, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. As stated in Microbes and Infections of the Gut, the bacterium is “a Gram-negative, comma- shaped, highly motile organism with a single terminal flagellum” (105). Cholera is characterized by the most significant symptom that presents with the disease, diarrhea, and victims can lose up to twenty liters of body fluids in a day. Cholera can be a serious disease, due to the serious dehydration that can occur, but it is only fatal if treatment is not administered as soon as possible. This research paper includes information on the causes of cholera, symptoms, ways of treatment, studies of treatments, complications that may occur, the