The Effect Of Antimicrobials On P. Acnes Biofilm Formation

Ampicillin, penicillin, streptomycin all sulphafurazole all were resistant to the bacteria as it may have grown a mutation.

Out of the all the antiseptics being used in this investigation the more well known antiseptics such as dettol and sudocrem will be more effective when stopping the growth of bacteria than natural antiseptics like lemon.

Because of this rise of selection for vancomycin-resistant bacteria, finding an alternative antibiotic treatment for this strain of bacteria is imperative. There has been some consideration of alternatives to vancomycin treatment of bacteria as sensitivity toward the drug decreases. Though vancomycin is still the treatment standard for methicillin-resistant bacteria, other compounds such as linezolid have proven to be more effective. Linezolid is a currently FDA approved compound that disrupts protein synthesis in the ribosomes of bacteria. The result of this disruption is

Antibiotic resistance is when microorganisms, such as bacteria, are able to survive an exposure to antibiotics and these bacteria are now resistant to the effects of these antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria has been an issue since antibiotics were discovered. The fact that bacteria can become resistant to our medical treatments such as antibiotics is a natural evolutionary process, but there are certain human contributions that definitely speed up the process. For example, one of the main contributions that will be discussed is the problem of over prescription of the antibiotic drugs. The

1 and 3). This antibiotic is effective against both gram positive and negative bacteria, so it would be effective against Staphylococcus epidermidis. This antibiotic is able to kill bacteria by interfering with the cell wall synthesis, weakening it, and causing its death. However, just like with Penicillin, some bacteria have become resistant to this antibiotic (6). The hypothesis stated that Staphylococcus epidermidis would be susceptible to Ampicillin because although some bacteria have become resistant this one has not (7). According to the class data, two of the tests resulted in in susceptibility, one resulted in an intermediate effect, and the rest were resistant (see Figs. 2 and 5). It seems that Staphylococcus epidermidis is in the process of becoming resistant to Ampicillin because of the varied data. However, the group data did not support the hypothesis that the bacteria would still be

In our world we are surrounded by microorganisms, some are harmless, many are beneficial; they are a part of our normal flora on our skin and in our intestines, providing a barrier against microorganisms that may not be so harmless. It is important, however, to distinguish which microorganisms are potentially pathogenic from those that are not, and when someone does get ill to determine what the organism is so appropriate treatment can be determined.

First, of the other antibiotics within the rationale, Chloramphenicol was able to create the largest zone of inhibition, with the largest radius of the other two antibiotics, and was able to fully inhibit the growth of Kocuria rosea, without allowing any other bacterial cells to survive within the zone on inhibition. Second, the structure of Chloramphenicol allows it to effectively inhibit the growth of bacteria. Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic with an extremely lipid-soluble structure that allows it to bind to the 70S ribosomes of prokaryotes and inhibit the creation of proteins, or protein synthesis, within that prokaryote. This is able to be accomplished by the antibiotic because it is able to prevent the peptidyl transferase activity within the ribosome, and this causes the inhibition of bacterial growth because Peptidyl transferase is vital in the translation process of protein synthesis, a process in which peptide bond are formed between amino acids through the use of tRNA. Therefore, because all bacteria are unicellular organisms, the structure of Chloramphenicol allows it to be effective against almost all bacteria, thus proving itself to be the best antibiotic to combat this strand of bacteria. And finally, resistance towards Chloramphenicol is very minimal within bacterial strands. High-level resistance towards Chloramphenicol can only be created through a mutation in the 50S ribosomal subunit of a bacterial cell, which creates a gene that codes for an enzyme, known as Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase, which has the properties to inactivate Chloramphenicol. However, this resistance mutation within the 50S ribosome is extremely rare and resistance towards Chloramphenicol can be reduced if this antibiotic is used only when necessary, on patients who absolutely need the antibiotic in order to

The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of S. aureus (MRAS and MSSA) isolates to various antibiotics are presented in Table 1. All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. Quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid and minocycline with resistance rates of 1.1%,

It is very difficult to treat bacterial biofilm infection. Antibiotic treatment by itself is not enough to destroy biofilm infections adequately. Overall, the approaches to combat biofilms can be categorized into two groups depending if the infection involves a foreign body or not. If the biofilm infection does not involving a foreign body (such as indwelling implants), continuing treatment using high doses of combination of several antibiotics with different mode of action toward the bacteria is used to combat the infection. On the other hand, if a foreign body is involved in the biofilm infection, extraction of the implant is needed for positive result. In some cases, only physical reduction of the biofilm is possible (using mechanical methods)

Humans are a natural reservoir of S. aureus. Thirty to fifty percent of healthy adults are colonized, with ten to twenty percent persistently colonized (Lowy, 1998).

Minocycline is one of many medications that falls under a broad category of anti-infectives known as Tetracycline’s. Tetracycline’s “inhibit protein synthesis at the level of the 30S bacterial ribosome” (Vallerand, 1185) or in

P. acnes is a part of the normal flora of the human skin, but may contribute to acne exacerbation and can be involved in some opportunistic infections [33]. Interestingly, in P. acnes, a growth increase was found in one of two strains using

Further, E. faecium resistance to ampicillin and gentamicin is decreasing. Despite these declines, antimicrobial selective pressure could contribute in antimicrobial resistance towards antibiotics in future and hence it may be prudent to continue to limit the use of vancomycin as a strategy to decrease its resistance among these pathogens, as VRE infections remain difficult to treat. The spread of multi-resistant enterococci has been associated with the constant selective antibiotic pressure applied in tertiary care institutions,26 so future research should evaluate the impact of changing antibiotic pressure on antimicrobial resistance and clinical

*Tigecycline (TIG), a derivative of minocycline, overcomes most of the known tetracycline resistance mechanisms. The discovery of TIG represented significant progress, because it is active against a wide spectrum of Gram negative and Gram positive pathogens, especially multidrug-resistant strains. Tigecycline, similar to tetracycline shows antibiotic properties, but is not affected by tetracycline resistance mediated by efflux or ribosomal protection proteins. This allows TIG to evade the common ribosomal protection mechanisms associated with resistance to

A biofilm is a layer consisting of various combinations of many different organisms, autotrophic and heterotrophic. They are dense, organized communities of cells, encased in a self-produced slime. The bacteria grow together in water like atmospheres, attaching to a solid surface, forming a small ecosystem. Biofilms are known as a micro-environment, a micro-habitat, or a slime matrix. They help decompose dead organisms and recycle carbon and nutrients.