The Effect Of Arsenic Impairment Of Cellular Respiration

Early in the semester, a question came up regarding the effect of pollutants on the rate of cellular respiration. Curious, an experiment was administered to find this effect. Yeast and water was added to eight culture tubes. Pollutants were added to six of the eight culture tubes and sugar was added to seven of the eight. At the end of observation, the data insisted that pollutants had a negative and sometimes inhibitive effect on the rate of cellular respiration.

While nitrates are one of the major contaminants in the area, San Joaquin Valley residents face drinking water pollution from many other sources including arsenic, coliform bacteria, and pesticides. Arsenic is a naturally occurring semi-metal element that is found in different types of rocks. While arsenic primarily occurs naturally, human activities impact the amount of arsenic in groundwater. Arsenic is not only toxic at high concentrations, but also harmful after prolonged exposure at moderately elevated levels. California recognizes arsenic as a human carcinogen and believes prolonged exposure to the element to be associated with various cancers, including skin, bladder, kidney, lung, and liver cancers. A study in Maine found a connection between water contaminated

There is a higher likelihood of being exposed to arsenic via food ingestion compared to inhaling arsenic-contaminated air or drinking arsenic-contaminated water. Once the arsenic has been absorbed through the lungs or gastrointestinal tract, the arsenic is distributed through the body via the bloodstream. For metabolism, in the blood stream, the arsenic becomes attached to the red cells, white cells, and cells that can convert arsenate to arsenite. Some of those arsenites are taken to the liver, where they are methylated by the enzymatic transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and the arsenite are converted into methyl arsonate (MMA V) and dimethyl arsenate (DMA V). Those metabolites, methyl arsonate and dimethyl arsenate, are then ready to be excreted. If the liver is at its limit of methylation, excess arsenites are stored in the body’s soft tissues. Arsenic and its many variations (ie. MMA V, DMA V, arsenate, and arsenite) are excreted through the kidneys. There is a possibility that two to four weeks after being exposed to arsenic, some of the arsenic can still be found in the human’s hair, nails, skin, and bones and teeth (ATSDR,

Many animal studies have shown that lead is capable of causing oxidative stress in many organs (Patra et al., 2001). Toxicity of lead is mainly attributed to the induction of oxidative stress by disruption of the pro-oxidant/anti-oxidant balance, elevation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) such as superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals and lipid peroxides, and nitric oxide (Kumar and Reddy, 2012). Currently, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), derives from L-Cysteine and the precursor of glutathione (GSH), is a well-established cyto-protective drug against drugs induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity (Whyte et al., 2007; Akbulut et al., 2014), where it exerts antioxidant properties. L-Cysteine was utilized as a chelator of heavy metal to conserve against oxidative stress and inhibit damage to cells and tissues. L-cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is a nutritionally occurring non-essential amino

Trivalent (arsenite) and pentavalent (arsenate) arsenic produce different effects on cells, yet there is little distinction between the two forms of arsenic when discussing signs and symptoms of poisoning. An important fact to note is that during the metabolism of arsenate, 50-70% of it will be reduced to arsenite in the first step of the process. Therefore, the differences in the cell effects are seen from the 30-50% of the pentavalent arsenic unchanged via the bioactivation step of oxidizing glutathione or enzymatically catalyzed by arsenate reductase.1,2

The Sulfotransferase metabolism is very important in Phase II detoxification, which is responsible for the detoxification of many compounds. Some of these compounds are phenols, amines, sulfide, salicylates, food additives, and many other toxic molecules as well as nutritious foods considered to be very healthy. Malfunction of the Phenol-Sulfotransferase (PST) enzyme can cause an overload

In the course of persistent exposure, harmful effects of cadmium on the hepatic and renal are relying on the quantity of the metal in the renal and liver.[29]. The metal often gathers in the hepatic and renal,wherever it obliges the manufacturing of metallothionein an intracellular protein with low-molecular-weight that has an extensive affinity to joining cadmium. The metallothionein shaping a compound with cadmium to decrease the toxic possibility of cadmium. Once the binding capacity of metallothionein becomes saturated, the multiplied level of free cadmium ions begins procedures that may cause mitochondrial swelling and lack of crista as well as on prevention of Na+_ K+_ ATPase . These incidents eventually result in loss of ionic supervising

The liver’s complex biochemical process of detoxification is a two phase process, converting the byproducts of metabolism and toxins to render them into safer substance. Phase one, an enzymatic process, involves approximately 100 enzymes in the cytochrome P450 system. In Phase one, the chemical reaction known as biotransformation changes the toxin in to a less toxic, water-soluble substance to allow it to be safely excreted through the kidneys or colon. Enzymes do this through oxidation, the loss of electrons, or reduction, the gain of elections. Most of the time, the enzymatic reactions in Phase one decrease the toxicity of the substance, however, a more toxic intermediate substance may be produced, this is known as bioactivation.

Catalase is a type of protein, which all enzymes are proteins. Catalase helps remove toxic substances from your body. Our body produces toxic substances every day and the reason why they don’t harm us is because of catalase. The enzyme catalase destroys the toxic and harmful substances inside the human body. Catalase can be found in almost all living organisms. Without catalase, the toxic substances will attack our bodies and mutate our DNA.

In this study, scientist found that there are levels of free radicals reactivity of the compounds that are being produced in the cell; some with least reactivity such as H2O2, and some are highly reactive such as OH. The free radicals can affect the cell negatively. One of the element that generates free radicals and causes oxidative stress is cadmium. It increases lipid peroxidation and/or changes intracellular glutathione levels. However, investigators found that some plants such as curcumin is a natural drug that works

A massive epidemic emerges as the water on which millions of people rely on is exposed to high levels of arsenic, a silent killer. Depending on whether carbon is involved, the arsenic ion combines with other elements to form either an organic compound or an inorganic compound, which is typically found in the contaminated waters (“ARSENIC...WebMD”). When comparing the two forms, the inorganic compound is more toxic than the organic compound (“Arsenic”). According to the regulations of the US Environmental Protection agency, if water exceeds 10 micrograms of arsenic per liter then it should not be consumed. A prolonged consumption of water containing high levels of inorganic arsenic is linked to various health issues such as skin damage, problems with the circulatory system, several types

In order to remove arsenic, we need to detect it first. However, finding arsenic may not be sufficient because arsenic cannot be removed from bodies once it is absorbed. That is why we need a reliable and continuous detection system that monitors arsenic 24/7 all over the world. Currently companies have to send specialists every time they monitor contaminations, and there is no continuous monitoring

Arsenic is a poison that interferes with ATP production. It is a metalloid that is found in our environment. Arsenic is toxic if inhaled and must be combined with another source for it to react and affect something. It comes in various forms such as crystalline, powder, vitreous and amorphous. Arsenic can be found in groundwater that people use for drinking. Groundwater contamination is usually occurring from a leak due to industrial exposure.

The Reconstitution Buffer will be thawed and will be allowed to settle at room temperature along with the Lyophilized Luciferin Detection Reagent. At room temperature, the Reconstitution Buffer bottle will be completely transferred to the bottle containing Lyophilized Luciferin Detection Reagent and swirl to mix well. Approximately, 1 mL of the NAD/NADH-Glo assay will be performed. The reconstituted Luciferin Detection Reagent will be allowed to settle at room temperature. The Reductase will be thawed, Reductase Substrate and NAD cycling substrate will be centrifuged and placed on ice. About 275 uL of water will be added to the NAD cycling enzyme to mix and store the vial on ice. Then, 1 mL of NAD/NADH-Glo™ Detection Reagent is prepared by adding and mixing 1 mL of Reconstituted Luciferin Detection Reagent, 5 uL of Reductase, 5 uL of Reductase Substrate, 5 uL of NAD cycling enzyme and 5 uL of NAD cycling substrate. Unused reagents will be stored at -20◦C. The 96 well plate will be taken out of the incubator and allow to settle at room temperature for at least 5 minutes. Then, 100 uL of NAD/NADH-Glo™ Detection Reagent will be added to each of eight well to mix and lyse cells, so all the wells will have a total volume of 200 uL. The 96 well plate will be incubated at room temperature for 30 – 60 minutes. The luminescence will be recorded using a luminometer. The graph will be created to show the reduced metabolism mechanism of NAD/NADH in canine aortic endothelial cells exposed to arsenic and cadmium toxicity

Respiration occurs when oxygen is available to oxidase the glucose in the body also known as aerobic respiration. Glucose molecules are a type of sugar that is a main source of energy for animals and acts as a metabolic intermediate of cellular respiration. Cells need oxygen to turn glucose molecules into carbon dioxide, water and ATP. From these three, carbon dioxide is released back into the air from the body and water is flushed out whereas ATP remains in the body and is the main energy source for the living organism. Living things need energy in order to survive therefor this process is the reason why animals need to breathe in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.