The Effect Of Blood Saving Apparatus On Hemoglobin, Hematocrit And Transfusion

During the first week of Health Promotion and Caring, we learned about many aspects that are associated with blood transfusions. Blood products, blood typing and compatibility, pre and post transfusion protocol, bedside checks, and transfusion reactions were some

This design is more often used by practitioners compared with researchers to examine the effectiveness of a specific intervention on an individual or group’s behaviors.

The market of human blood transfusions is broken down into different uses: Elective Surgery, Emergency Surgery and Trauma. However, Hemopure seems to be suitable only for trauma cases due to its characteristics and, again, high price. To understand the reason, it is important to notice that, actually, only 10% of the 500,000 trauma victims receives RBCs “in the field” or at the site of accident, and the remaining 95% of these people does not receive transfusions until they arrive at the hospital. This delay was often cited as a major factor to the 20,000 trauma deaths. Therefore, since the expected market share for Biopure is 25% and assuming that the total blood transfusions remain stable, the potential market size for Hemopure is approximately $350,000,000. This size is based on an average price of $700 multiplied by 2,000,000 units (around 4 blood units are needed for each Trauma case).

There are some limitations to this literature review. One limitation is some of these studies may be outdated being that they are from the 1990s (i.e: Dulit et. al, 1990; Miller et. al, 1993; and Dougherty et. al, 1999). Another limitation is some of the studies were not randomized samples (i.e: Miller et. al, 1993 and Tragesser et. al, 2013). If samples are not random this could mean the results are bias.

But nobody ever set any parameters on what to do if the hemoglobin ranged between 7 and 10. This left the physician to decide when to start a blood transfusion. The Johns Hopkins study revealed that because of this most physicians always erred in the side of “safety” by ordering a transfusion any time the hemoglobin was at or below 10.

The Oxyglobin and Hemopure substitutes developed by Biopure have an advantage over blood transfusions in many areas including blood type matching, universality in terms of donating, such as O+ blood recipients. The blood substitutes also had a much longer storage life of 2 years as opposed to the 6-week storage life of transfused blood. Furthermore, with the rise of diseases such as AIDS and increasing public concern about the same, blood substitutes also helped mitigate that risk. Baxter International and Northfield Laboratories-products sourced their blood substitutes from human blood whereas, Biopure sourced it from animal blood, cattle in particular. This put them in a better position than their competitors. Also Biopure’s Hemopure and Oxyglobin did not require refrigeration unlike its competitor’s products.

Lastly, in case of an emergency hemorrhagic episode science has advance to the point to decrease blood transfusions to the minimum with help of medications like:

A meta-analysis of seven different studies, an experimental study, a quasi-experimental study, and two non-experimental studies were used in this research process. The meta-analysis provided level one strength evidence and was of good quality for scientific evidence. The experimental study presented level one strength evidence and was also of good quality for scientific evidence. The quasi-experimental study had level two strength evidence and provided high-quality scientific evidence. Both of the non-experimental studies provided level three strength evidence and high-quality scientific evidence.

Since there is a severe blood loss, a blood transfusion should be considered when life-threaten, which need a blood test to get the correct blood type of the patient first. However, due to the patient’s belief in such a case, that the patient is not competent to make an informed decision and there is no immediately contactable family or friends, the medical practitioner can treat the patient according to a professional judgment of the patient’s best interests (Legal and Regulatory Services.2005.), or discuss possible treatment options with Hospital Liaison Committee (Australian Red Cross Blood

A total of 4219 studies were identified. After removal of duplicates and after exclusion criteria were applied, there were 13 studies to be included. All 13 were case series with controls.

Of course transfusion was associated with haemoglobin criteria on admission (p=0.001), and the quantity of packed red cells given was also associated with haemoglobin grouping on admission (p70 g/L that received blood transfusions for upper GI bleeding, suggesting that some physicians are initiating blood transfusions with a more liberal strategy in some circumstances. Given the recent evidence finding that blood transfusions can contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in patients, there are grounds for this audit to be expanded and continued to determine the results of a fuller and in-depth cohort to understand the reasons behind liberal strategies for initiating blood

TEG/ROTEM has potential savings in reducing blood product administration through development of TEG/ROTEM directed transfusion algorithms. This tailored approach towards blood production resuscitation can minimize excess transfusions. This could ultimately decrease transfusion-related complications and reduce ICU and total hospital day stays.

Blood is highly important as it carries nutrients and oxygen to the body’s tissues. It takes waste products and carbon dioxide away from the tissues and it is needed to sustain life and stimulate the health of all the body’s tissues.

The average adult human body consists of approximately 4.7 to 5.5 liters of blood. This blood has many important functions. One function of blood in the human body is to create blood clots. When a person has external bleeding, a blood clot is formed to stop the bleeding as quickly as possible. Blood clots are made by “proteins in your blood called fibrins [that] work with small blood cell fragments called platelets” (American Heart Association, “What is Excessive Blood Clotting”). This process of creating a blood clot is known as the coagulation process. Blood clots are then broken down by the body after the bleeding subsides. “However, the blood shouldn’t clot when it’s just moving through the body. If blood tends to clot too much, it is referred to as a hypercoagulable state or thrombophilia” (Bartholomew, “Blood Clotting Disorders”). Excessive blood

First and foremost , it is important to know how donating blood is beneficial for the recipient. There are many individuals who need blood transfusions. According to the American Red Cross, “over 5 million people receive blood transfusion each year”. Blood is needed in numerous situations. Mayo Clinic lists a few examples including, “after surgery, injury,