The Effect Of Blood Saving Apparatus On Hemoglobin, Hematocrit And Transfusion

The market of human blood transfusions is broken down into different uses: Elective Surgery, Emergency Surgery and Trauma. However, Hemopure seems to be suitable only for trauma cases due to its characteristics and, again, high price. To understand the reason, it is important to notice that, actually, only 10% of the 500,000 trauma victims receives RBCs “in the field” or at the site of accident, and the remaining 95% of these people does not receive transfusions until they arrive at the hospital. This delay was often cited as a major factor to the 20,000 trauma deaths. Therefore, since the expected market share for Biopure is 25% and assuming that the total blood transfusions remain stable, the potential market size for Hemopure is approximately $350,000,000. This size is based on an average price of $700 multiplied by 2,000,000 units (around 4 blood units are needed for each Trauma case).

But nobody ever set any parameters on what to do if the hemoglobin ranged between 7 and 10. This left the physician to decide when to start a blood transfusion. The Johns Hopkins study revealed that because of this most physicians always erred in the side of “safety” by ordering a transfusion any time the hemoglobin was at or below 10.

In a publication of the Stanford University School of Medicine, held an article entitled “Against the Flow—What’s Behind the Decline in Blood Transfusions?” The author of that article, Sarah C. P. Williams, stated: “Over the past decade, a growing body of research has revealed that in hospitals around the world, donated blood is used more often, and in larger quantities, than is needed to help patients—both in operating rooms and hospital

Lastly, in case of an emergency hemorrhagic episode science has advance to the point to decrease blood transfusions to the minimum with help of medications like:

Since there is a severe blood loss, a blood transfusion should be considered when life-threaten, which need a blood test to get the correct blood type of the patient first. However, due to the patient’s belief in such a case, that the patient is not competent to make an informed decision and there is no immediately contactable family or friends, the medical practitioner can treat the patient according to a professional judgment of the patient’s best interests (Legal and Regulatory Services.2005.), or discuss possible treatment options with Hospital Liaison Committee (Australian Red Cross Blood

There are many ways in which the current blood donation policy is inadequate. From a medical perspective, there are better indicators

After the onset of hypovolemic shock, the primary goals are to replace blood and fluid volume via IV infusion; maximization of oxygen delivery, and minimization of oxygen demand. Patient is positioned in a manner that supports maximal circulation and airway patency (oxygenation, ventilation, and perfusion). Diligent treatment of fever, fear and pain are necessary to reduce oxygen demand. Humidified supplementary oxygen is given as needed at up to 10 to 15 L/min by non-rebreathing mask or bag-mask ventilation and is monitored continuously through pulse oximetry (McCance, 2010. pp

In the study of Verani, McCracken, Arvelo, Estevez, Lopez, Reyes, Moir, Bernart, Moscoso, Gray, Olsen and Lindblade (2013), a total of 8,914 hospitalized patients

As mutations cause a lack of β-globin expression, resulting in an inefficient erythropoiesus and early apooptosis of the red blood cell lineage, the majority of patients become lifelong dependent on blood transfusions needing transfusion about every 2-4 weeks in order to maintain a normal range of HbA (11-14 g/l). (Poggiali E, Cassinerio E, Zanaboni L, Cappellini

Doping has been around since the eighteen hundreds. The first ever case of doping was in 1865 where swimmers in Amsterdam used an unknown stimulant to enhance performance. By 1870 a lot of endurance athletes have been taking substances such as caffeine, cocaine and alcohol. In the early 20th century testosterone and anabolic steroids have been the primary source of performance enhancement (Rosen, 2008).

TEG/ROTEM has potential savings in reducing blood product administration through development of TEG/ROTEM directed transfusion algorithms. This tailored approach towards blood production resuscitation can minimize excess transfusions. This could ultimately decrease transfusion-related complications and reduce ICU and total hospital day stays.

The purpose of this lab was to complete a variety of tests that are involved in determining a complete blood count including; a red blood cell count (RBC count), a white blood cell count (WBC count), a white blood cell differential (WBC differential), hematocrit, hemoglobin, and to calculate the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). In order to better understand and perform the tasks of this lab we needed to become more knowledgeable about the background components of blood itself. Blood is a liquid connective tissue and its functions include transportation, protection, and regulation. Blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between the heart and lungs, as well as waste products to the kidneys and hormones throughout

An 18 year old female arrives to the ER for the chief complaint of vaginal bleeding. The patient began her menstrual cycle 3 weeks prior and the bleeding has not stopped. Upon assessment her skin is pale, cap refill is greater than 3 seconds, mucous membranes are dry, and she is hypotensive, tachycardic, and tachypneic. An IV is placed; labs are obtained; and a 1 liter normal saline bonus is given. Labs return, and her hemoglobin is 4.8, with a hematocrit of 16. It is decided that a blood transfusion is needed, so the physician discusses the lab results, risks and benefits of receiving and not receiving a blood transfusion, in order to obtain an informed consent for blood. The patient is Jehovah witness and refuses the blood transfusion. In addition, she has an advanced directive prohibiting blood transfusions. The patient, whom is in hypovolemic shock, begins to seize and becomes unconscious.

Hemoglobin is present in red blood cells and carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. Met Hemoglobin is a form of the oxygen-carrying part of Hemoglobin of which a small amount is present in human blood and produced automatically. However, if produced in large amounts it can cause coma and even death. Increased levels of Methaemoglobin can be caused by the ingestion of chemicals such as Cyanide and can be detected in blood stains at a scene of a crime as enhanced levels of Met Hemoglobin changes blood upon leaving the body from red to a dark brown in

This average does not reflect the average EBL because the EBL was recorded for all patients regardless of their transfusion status. So, the true average HB drop is expected to be higher. The HB might be a more accurate measure of drop than the HC and less laboratory-dependent (Keen, 1998), thus, the discussion will be focused on the HB drop rather than the HC drop. Orthognathic surgery cases in this study experienced a significant drop of HB and HC compared to their preoperative baseline values. Most of the patients had a HB drop between 1.5 to less than 3 g/dL; excluding cases of blood transfusion. The HB drop was not affected by age. However, there were gender-related differences. Males showed more drop in their HB than females but it was not significant. However, the HB drop alone may not reflect the whole true picture. The reason behind that is the fact that HB changes might be affected by other factors outside the blood loss. First, the postoperative HB measurements were done at different times among the cases studied. Second, and most importantly, the HB/HC levels are affected by plasma volume and HB changes can be induced by variations in the hydration status of the patient. For example, severe dehydration might lead to higher levels of HB/HC. In a similar fashion, fluid overload (hemodilution) will make their levels lower than the actual (Walker et al.