The Effect Of Calf Serum On Human Cells

In a cell cycle, there are specific checkpoints between each phases caused by the occurrence of cyclin. Cyclin determines how concentration flunctuatues. If the regulation is disrupted by a decreasein cyclin, there would be no mitosis, meaning the cell cycle would continuously go thre G0 phase. However, if there is an increase

Interphase: This particular stage is divided into three phases, G1 (first gap), S (synthesis), and G2 (second gap). During all three phases, the cell grows by producing proteins and other organelles within the cytoplasm. However, chromosomes are replicated only during the S phase. In all, a cell grows (G1), continues to grow as it duplicates its

Without cell division and the cell cycle nearly all life would fail to exist. Cell division allows an organism to not only replace its own cells but to create offspring. The cell cycle consists of two main parts: interphase and mitotic phase. Within these two phases the processes can be broken down into further categories. Interphase can be broken down into three subphases that are the necessary preparations the cell makes in order to be ready to divide during mitosis. For this lab we looked mainly at the mitotic phase because of its fascinating and rapid changes to the cell. The cell types we looked at were prepared slides of whitefish and onion root tip.

The cell cycle is a series of stages that occurs when a new cells makes the division from the parent cell to two daughter cells. This is a stage in cellular reproduction. The cell cycle consists of three phases, interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During Interphase, a cell will continue to perform its functions as usual. The time frame for Interphase varies; while an embryonic cell will take just a few hours to complete the cycle, a stem cell from an adult can take 24 hours (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). After the interphase stage completes itself, a complete nuclear division happens and mitosis occurs. During the stage of mitosis, the daughter cells will receive the same amounts of the contents of the parent cell. Throughout the last stage, in the cytoplasm there is a division known as Cytokinesis (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). Cytokinesis occurs differently in plant cells than it does in animal cells, as the cell wall around the plant prevents the process from happening the same way. Instead, a new plasma membrane and cell walls are built are built between the daughter cells. However, in animal cells a single cell will become two (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015).

17) The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is called

The cell cycle has four main stages. The cell cycle is the regular pattern of growth. The four stages consist of Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), Gap 2 (G2), and Mitosis (M). Gap 1, consists of a cell that carries its normal functions. Calls also increase in size, and the organelles increase in number. A cell will spend the most time in this phase. But it also depends on the cell type to see how long it will spend in this phase. During this phase the cell has to pass a critical checkpoint before it can continue into the (S) stage, also called the Synthesis stage. It would be dangerous for a cell to keep dividing if the certain conditions were not met. The cells in this stage also need signals from the other cells to tell the if division is needed. Now the next stage is the Synthesis stage. During this phase the cell makes a copy of it’s nuclear DNA. By the end of the (S) phase DNA appears grainy in photos and the cell nucleus contains two complete sets of DNA. Gap 2, is the third stage of the cell cycle. The cells continue doing there thing and more growth occurs. This phase is like the checkpoint, everything in the cell has to be going right for the cell to be able to enter mitosis.

1. What are the three key roles of cell division? State each role, and give an example.

cell will look just like any other 'normal' cell although this is far from the

It is expected that the most common phase of mitosis seen will be interphase as the cell spends around ninety percent of its time in this phase. This is because interphase is the period between cell division in which the cells grows, DNA replicates and centrioles divide. It is such a long phase that it is even split into three sub-phases; G1 phase in which a cell grows, S phase or synthesis, in which a cell copies its chromosome and G2 phase in which the cell grows further and prepares for division.

New cells are required for an organism to grow, reproduce or repair damaged tissue. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. Cell replication is the process which facilitates the production of new cells from existing cells. For example, cell replication is required to create new cells to heal a cut to the skin. Another example of cell replication is when gametes are produced in the reproductive organ of a human. Cell replication is a different process for eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. For eukaryotic cells, the cell life cycle consists of three main stages; Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis. In interphase, the cell expands and organelles replicate to prepare for the cell division. The replication of DNA occurs in the synthesis phase of interphase. During mitosis, the now replicated DNA within the parent cell splits into two equal parts for the daughter cells. finally, in the cytokinesis stage of the cell cycle, the cytoplasm (all the contents of the cell within the cell membrane excluding what is in the nuclear

a. GI – A cell and its organelles double in size. It’s a growth phase.

The purpose of this experiment was to observe how calf serum affected cell proliferation. It was hypothesized that various concentrations of Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) would provide nutrients for non-transformed cells, and therefore affect their growth, but have no effect on the transformed cells. It was also hypothesized that the protein concentrations will increase for the non-transformed cells upon addition of the calf serum and FGF, but not affect the transformed cells since they are not dependent on growth factors. After analyzing the results, it can be concluded that increasing FBS concentrations does in fact increase non-transformed cell density. Transformed cells are unaffected by this concentration as is proven by the results since the cell densities are roughly the same at the differing concentrations of FBS (0.5%, 2%, and 10%). Furthermore, since the ERK1/2 factor is increased in the non-transformed cells, the cell density will also increase.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine how calf serum affected cell proliferation. The hypothesis is the following: if different concentrations of Fetal Bovine Serum were added to non-transformed and transformed cells, it would provide nutrients for the non-transformed cells but does not affect the transformed cells. As far as Western Blot analysis goes, the protein concentration for normal cells will increase with the calf serum and FGF concentrations, but Ras-transformed cells will have a constant protein concentration since they are independent from growth factors. Hence, my conclusion after analyzing the results of the experiment come to be that an increase in FBS increases cell density of non-transformed cells. The same does not go for transformed cells, because results show that cell density remained the same at concentrations of .5%, 2%, and 10%. The results also depict ERK1/2 factor increases in the cells, therefore cell density will increase in non-transformed cells.

Interphase is the phase GF in which it’s the cell’s cycle is in a typical cell and it spends most of it’s life in. During this phase the cell copies its DNA,in it’s preparation for mitosis.The interphase is the daily living, of the metabolic phase of the cell, in it’s the cell obtains the nutrients and metabolizes them,and they grows, and reads its DNA, and the conducts from other "normal" cell functions.

The cell cycle is separated into multiple stages such as G0, G1, S, G2, and M phase. During the G0 phase is the stage in which there is no sign of the cell preparing to separate but, rather a stagnant cell. The G1 phase involves the expansion of the cell and gathering all the nutrients and energy to prepare for the upcoming processes of the cell cycle. In the S phase,