The Effect Of Carica Papaya Seed Extract On The Cell Wall Of A. Flavus Under Transmission

The use of multiple test tubes and Parafilm was used for each experiment. Catechol, potato juice, pH 7 phosphate buffer, and stock potato extract 1:1 will be used to conduct the following experiments: temperature effect on enzyme activity, the effect of pH on enzyme action, the effect of enzyme concentration, and the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. For the temperature effect on enzyme activity, three test tube were filled with three ml of pH 7 phosphate buffer and each test tube was labels 1.5 degrees Celsius, 20 °C, and 60 °C. The first test tube was placed in an ice-water bath, the second test tube was left at room temperature, and the third test tube was placed in approximately 60°C of warm water. After filling the test tubes with three ml of the

We used to florets from the cauliflower and disrupted the cell walls using a cold isolation buffer (0.3 M D-mannitol, 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2) and an abrasive, we then strained the homogenate with cheesecloth into a centrifuge tube suppoerted by ice. The homogenate was then centrifuged at 600 g for 10 minutes at 4⁰C. The postnuclear supernatant was removed and centrifuged at 12,000 g for 30 minutes at 4⁰C. The post mitochondrial supernatant was removed and the mitochondrial pellet was resuspended in a cold assay buffer (0.3 M D-mannitol, 0.01 M KCl, 0.005 M MgCl₂, 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2). Both samples were stored at

The cell membrane (Plasma membrane) functions to provide cell support, cell stability and control entry and exit of materials from the cell. This study was conducted to test the effects of environmental conditions such as the on beet root cell membrane (Beta vulgaris). Five trials using varied pH concentrations were tested and absorbance rates were monitored. The experimental results showed that the protein function decreased sequentially when the pH decreased. This allowed the betacyanin dye to leak out which created the color that was needed to determine the intensity and therefore the effect of the circumstances. This supported the hypothesis that the more acidic or basic the environmental condition around the beet cell, the more permeable the, membrane indicated by color intensity. Pigment leakage in the solution was analyzed by using a spectrophotometer.

vulgaris plants, via the formation of a standard curve prepared using varying concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution. Following absorbance readings of the various BSA solutions, they were plotted against their concentrations providing an indirect measure for determining protein concentrations of the plant samples within the assay tubes, and through further calculations the sample protein concentration. The mean protein concentration for the control group was calculated to be 3.34 ± 1.30 mg/mL, while the mean treated group concentration was 2.01 ± 1.26 mg/mL. These results similarly like the chlorophyll results correlate with the literature articles, as a reduced protein content within the Paraquat treated plants can be expected to some extent (Chia et al., 1981). This reduction in protein concentration is the result of those superoxide anions produced by Paraquat, disrupting the chloroplast membranes and allowing for intracellular components including some proteins to leak out, hence the decrease in protein concentration in comparison to the non-treated plants (Qian et al., 2009). A slight outlier may exist within the treated groups protein concentrations as one of the groups provided a negative value for protein concentration which is not valid, but even after exclusion of that data value, results are still supportive of the expected outcome. Though these results support the claim of Paraquat toxicity causing membrane deterioration and leakiness, protein concentration values are rather more purposeful when used to analyze malondialdehyde (MDA) values on per mg of protein

For this experiment, 3 best slides were used as a control and then as with drug. After measuring the rate from growth medium slide, drug was then added to the same slide. So, control is used as comparison. Moreover, drug concentration and growth medium concentrations were consistent each other. In order to achieve the results, hyphae tip was measured for every minute for 10 minute on 10x bright field microscopy; and nuclei position was measured every minute for 5 minutes on 10x fluorescent microscopy. The data then

Three wells where eliminated from the experiment, because a vehicle control was not needed for this experiment. Images where then taken of the 9 wells, with the use of phase-contrast microscope, these photos were labeled (T0). After the images where obtained, the well-plate was placed back into the tissue culture hood, and the wells where treated with different treatments, so the effects could be observed. In row “A” contained the HepG2 cells by themselves, no treatment was added. Row “B” contained the HepG2 cells and 4.5µl of Ceramide, which was labeled as the positive control, and finally in row “C” the wells contained our HepG2 cells and the compound Epigallocatechin Gallate. The well was then placed back into the cell culture incubator for 24 hours. Following the incubation, photos where taken using the same phase-contrast microscope and the same area of each scratch, these photos are labeled (Tf). The before and after photos of the scratch are then used to figure out the percent wound closure, which determines the cell migration. In order to calculate the percent closure, the following equation was used; Percent closure=width of Tf box/width of the T0

5 The test microscope slide was composed of a drop of B. subtilis solution placed on the left as the Gram-positive control, a drop of a solution with unknown in the middle, and a drop of E. coli solution on the right as a Gram-negative control. The slide was allowed to dry and the samples were heat fixed with a Bunsen burner. The samples were then stained with first crystal violet for one minute. After the rinsing the stain, the mordant, Gram’s iodine, was added for one minute and rinsed. A 95% ethyl alcohol/acetone solution was then applied and rinsed to de-stain the samples. Finally, Saffranin was added as the counterstain for one minute and then rinsed. Bright field microscopy, using 1000X magnification and oil immersion, was conducted to visualize first the controls, and if those results were accurate, the unknown. The three samples were observed for stain color to determine Gram classification, as well as shape and arrangement to further classify the

Fifty twelve week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. They were kept at 22-23 °C. Water was kept in glass bottles and cages were lined with wood bedding. The rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups (10 rats/group). Groups 1 and 5 were control groups. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were the test groups.

Variables Held Constant: The length of time the bags were observed, number of trials done for each concentration and temperature and the amount of heat and light the plants were exposed to.

(1989b) indicates that the originally-selected high dose level of 0.3 mg/kg-d was initiated and because “no observable effects were apparent after 10 weeks of exposure”, this dose was increased to 0.4 mg/kg throughout the remainder of the study. The mating period covered as long as two weeks. Because it is specified that both male and female rats were dosed before and during mating as well as through gestation, because the manuscript indicates that male and female rats were dosed 5 days per week prior to gestation, and that pregnant dams were dosed 7 days per week during gestation, it is assumed that male rats were dosed 5 days per week during gestation, as during the mating and pre-mating period. The range of durations in based on the unspecified duration of the mating period, indicated as one or two weeks. The duration of exposure for F0 male rats is 17 or 18 weeks (13 weeks premating, one or two weeks mating, three weeks’ gestation), administered 5 days

One plate was labeled LB/pAMP+kan “+”, one was labeled LB/pAMP+kan “-“, one was labeled LB+, and one was labeled LB-. 100 microliters of the cell suspension from the –pAMP/KAN tube was put on the LB/amp+kan plate using a sterile transfer pipette. Another 100 microliters was added to the LB- plate. The cells were spread evenly over the surface of the plates using a sterile metal spreader. The spreader was sterilized by dipping it in ethanol and flaming it shortly with a Bunsen burner. When the spreader cooled, the cells were evenly distributed on the plate. Using another sterile transfer pipette, 100 microliters of cell suspension from the +pAMP/KAN tube was put on the +LB/amp+kan plate, and another 100 microliters on the LB+ plate. The cells were spread evenly on the plate using the metal spreader previously described. The plates were left to sit for about 10 minutes before being sealed and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the plates were removed from the incubator, and then examined for growth. The number of colonies on each plate were recorded.

Before starting all the biochemical tests, an inoculation procedure must happen. An unknown test tube was handed out which contained two different cultures. The unknown culture was place on a nutrient agar plate using the three-streak inoculation technique for isolation (Lab Manual, Chess 2015). After a few days of growing, the presence of two unknown bacteria had a clear visible of separation. Following the isolation streak technique, the gram-staining experiment was performed. The two bacteria were determined: one was Gram-negative bacteria and the other was Gram-positive bacteria.

After the conclusion of our experiment we refuted our original hypothesis of, “If the type of fungus (parasite or saprophyte) affects the enzyme activity, and you measure enzymes in lion’s mane an enoki, then the lions mane will have less enzyme activity? ” because we found the opposite was apparent in our experiment. While we though the Lion's mane mushroom (parasite) would have less enzyme activity than that of the Enoki mushroom (saprophyte) because the Lion's mane mushroom grows on a living hardwood tree, while the Enoki grows on a dead hardwood tree. That we saw was that The Lion's mane (parasite) which grows on a living hardwood tree, had more enzyme activity than the Enoki (saprophyte) which grows on a dead hardwood tree.

I inoculated an Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB) agar plate and a MacConkey agar plate using Alderson’s streak plate technique (Alderson, 2015, pp. 64-65). Next, using Alderson’s procedure for aseptic techniques for inoculation (Alderson, 2015, p. 53) along with the procedures for each individual test I conducted the biochemical tests on 1 lactose Durham broth (Alderson, 2015, p. 267), 1 glucose Durham broth (Alderson, 2015, p. 267), 1 TSIA slant (Alderson, 2015, p. 267), 1 SIM agar (Alderson, 2015, p. 268), 2 MRVP broths (Alderson, 2015, p. 268) and 1 citrate agar (Alderson, 2015, p. 268). I also tested my microbe’s ability to produce oxidase (Alderson, 2015, p. 267). Finally, I tested for the presence of catalase (Aryal, 2015, para.

On the first day of the unknowns exercise, tube letter “B” was chosen and was streaked for isolation using the quadrant streak technique on two Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) plates. One of the plates was incubated aerobically and the other was incubated anaerobically, both at 37° C for twenty-four hours. Aseptic technique was used for all procedures during the unknowns exercise. All incubations during this experiment were set at 37 °C.