The Effect Of Cronbach's Alpha, Mean, And Standard Deviation For Each Question

Procedures: This study will be in the form of 25 questions. Participants will not be required to

In this paper I will analyze two articles, one is quantitative and the other is qualitative. I will describe the quantitative methods used including the research question addressed, the hypothesis, and variables. I will identify the population and sample. I will discuss the reliability and validity of the instruments used. I will then discuss the design of the article and how the findings were analyzed. For the qualitative article, I will identify the design of the article, the methods used and the strategies used for analyzing the data. Lastly, I will look at the implications for practice in the qualitative article, discuss other journals that might be interested in publishing the article and discuss how this article might

Following the introduction, the authors continue into a review of literature in which the cited sources addressed relevance to the study’s variables. The review of literature consisted mainly of primary and current sources, with no citations preceding the article by five years. It is within this section of the article where the authors chose to further discuss the previous research conducted on the variables and how the variables have

For any measure to be valuable in psychological research, it needs to be both valid and reliable (Goodwin, 2008: 128). Research is reliable when more researchers have found the same results, or, within for instance behavioural research, when the same behaviour occurs at several measurements (Goodwin, 2008: 124). There are different types of validity. Firstly, there is construct validity, which measures whether an operationalisation of a construct actually measures what it is supposed to measure. Secondly, criterion validity determines whether a certain phenomenon is related to another phenomenon, and can accurately determine future developments. Lastly, content validity determines whether a test measures all aspects of the construct that is being measured (Goodwin, 2008: 125-126).

Per the assignment instructions, this paper will present the prospective study’s guiding theoretical perspective along with its corresponding propositions and concepts followed by a brief discussion of potential extant instruments capable of capturing these dimensions. Next, a review of examples of operationalization methods used to construct variables from those items in prior research will precede the unveiling of research questions and hypotheses intended for the exploration of the theory. Lastly, survey items adapted from substantiated scales will be presented at the conclusion of this paper. To assist in the navigation of the paper and

Complete the following information. Be specific in your responses. You must present a rationale for ALL items. No yes or no responses are accepted. It is unacceptable for you to copy and paste information from the study. This is to be your own interpretation of the study critiqued and synthesis of research content.

A survey questionnaire was developed to gather data to try to find an answer to the above

The NWI-R has been proven to be a reliable survey tool and it has been demonstrated with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.96 for the entire NWI-R, and the subscale COP alpha noted at 0.91 (Aiken & Patrician, 2000). The survey questions administrated to the participants addresses their

The basic analysis used for reliability analysis is to find the Cronbach Alpha (α) value. There may be a single α value for each item, or an α value for all questions. The α value obtained for all the questions indicates the total reliability of the questionnaire and is expected to be greater than 0.7, the lower α values indicate that the questionnaire has poor reliability, and α> 0.8 indicates that the questionnaire has high reliability. In our study, we calculate 0.846 which means that our items is "good" and reliable. After all, we found the overall score by collecting all items. See Appendix

There are multiple types of survey methods utilized in research. Three of the main survey methods include interviews, electronic surveys, and written surveys. In interviews, the assessor works directly with the respondent to obtain responses to the survey. Utilizing interviews allow researchers to obtain comprehensive and thorough responses. Moreover, the interviewer is able to follow-up on certain responses if more information is needed. Despite these benefits, interviews have some potential disadvantages. It is difficult to obtain a representative sample of a population willing to participate in an interview. Additionally, this type of survey is often costly in time and money. Furthermore, there is potential for interviewer bias to affect

Reliability and validity should be included in all research studies. This study will measure reliability by utilizing the test-retest reliability. The same measurement tool will be utilized multiple times, which will ask the same questions and follow the same research procedure. Validity will be measured by four criteria: face validity, content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct

The research question, hypothesis, and study variables were first critiqued. Although the authors did not state a clear research question, they wrote that they aimed to assess

Reliability and validity can use improvement in terms of testing and assessment. Reynolds and Livingston (2013) suggest that by adding more test questions can improve the reliability and validity (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). Another suggestion is for constructs and content to be clearly defined, otherwise, scores can get lost in interpretation (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). The bottom line is that testing and assessments are not for everyone. A person interested in pursuing psychometrics field must truly have a calling and interest in such a profession as it can be complex with many factors to consider. In a sense, psychometricians are pioneers and innovators who seek to answer questions of observations made. Thus, reliability and validity may be more clearly defined by a person who has a clear idea of what they are interested in testing. From a scholar’s perspective, this writer utilizes various scholarly resources from the University library, which are considered to have some sort of validity, as such articles come from a credible source. However, it does not mean that such scholarly resources are valid or help with the interpretation of what this writer may be interested in exploring. Therefore, this writer must pay close attention to the content found in scholarly resources in order to utilize the information

According to class discussion, the way researchers decide whether to use qualitative or quantitative analyses in their research design depends on the research question. Often, the question naturally lends itself to either qualitative or quantitative analysis (Dalton Lecture: Nov. 9). The same is true when deciding which method to use for evaluation research. Quantitative methods of analyses are often used to identify the specific effects of a social program. However, when investigating a program’s process or seeking to better understand the complexities of a social program, qualitative analysis is the common choice (Dalton Lecture: Nov.16). When conducting quantitative research, researchers must be aware of levels of measurement because the way in which concepts and variables are measured influence the validity of the results (Pg. 65). There are four levels of measurement that researchers must be aware of when working with quantitative data: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio (Pg. 76). Levels of measurement are chosen as researchers operationalize their variables. Understanding which level of measurement is appropriate for each variable helps one decide which measure of central tendency to report (Pg. 79). For example, if the variable is happiness and participants are asked to rank their level of happiness on a scale of 1 to 10, this type of measurement is ordinal. Therefore, the best measure of central tendency to report is the median,

Questions were raised concerning the validity and reliability of each scale. Sapp and Harrod argued that Levenson’s locus of control scale was reliable and valid but that other researchers should also be conducted on other scales. They also argued that the broadness of the construct enables other studies to keep questioning its validity (Sapp and Harrod).