The Effect Of Dl- 2 On Antioxidant Capacity And Its Related Gene Expression

With all living organisms, a process known as cell respiration is integral in order to provide the body with an essential form of energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxygen, although an essential part of this process, can form reactants from colliding with electrons associated with carrier molecules. (pb101.rcsb.org, 2017). Hydrogen peroxide is an integral product of this reaction but is known to impose negative effects on the body if high levels are introduced. Explicitly, this reaction is caused “If oxygen runs into (one of these) carrier molecules, the electron may be accidentally transferred to it. This converts oxygen into dangerous compounds such as superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, which can attack the delicate sulphur atoms and metal ions in proteins.” (pdbh101.rcb.org, 2017). Research has suggested that the hydrogen peroxide can be converted into hydroxyl radicals, known to mutate DNA, which can potentially cause bodily harm due to DNA’s role in the synthesis of proteins. These radicals can cause detrimental effects on the human body, and studies have suggested a link to ageing. Due to the harmful effects of these H2o2, it is important that the body finds a way to dispose of hydrogen peroxide before concentrations are too great.

Within the Brugge Lab, we have investigated the role of various metabolic pathways in cancer including the role of antioxidants within the tumor cell. Although antioxidants were previously believed to scavenge harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) and provide a protective benefit against cancer, clinical trials have demonstrated that supplementation with antioxidants actually increased prostate cancer incidence among healthy patients. I joined a postdoctoral fellow in the lab to determine whether depletion of glutathione, the major antioxidant within the cell, would put the cell in a sensitive state that made it vulnerable to inhibition of other major pathways. Through our screening effects, we discovered that triple negative breast cancer cells become exquisitely sensitive to treatment with inhibitors of deubiquitinating enzymes through an induction of a proteotoxic stress response. I look forward to sharing these findings with the scientific community as second author on the manuscript currently in preparation.

Main compounds of the enzymatic antioxidant system are three, namely, SOD, CAT and tT which have an important role in detoxifying of H2O2 and superoxide anion in cells. Ample of hepatotoxic drugs induces the liver damage by lipid peroxidation indirectly or directly. The proxy radicals are main factors that mediate lipid peroxidation leading to liver injury and kidney damage(41). MDA as a main reactive aldehyde appears during polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation in the biological

The breakdown of hydrogen peroxide does not occur at the same rate in cells. Plant cells, such as the apple and potato, breakdown at much slower rate compared to the animal cells, such as the chicken and liver. Even within the animal cell category, the liver broke down catalase at a much faster rate than the chicken. This was most likely caused by the higher level of proteins found in beef liver compared to chicken, which also means there were more catalase because enzymes are a form of protein (Urry, 2016). Experiment 4: The hypothesis was not proven with the results from Experiment 4.

In burns, free radicals and lipid peroxidation increases and also decreases the total antioxidant activity to deal with them and a reduction in antioxidant scavenging capacity. in the burn wound, increased inflammation and decreased tissue perfusion and increased activity of free radicals that makes it difficult healing process

Methionine (Met) restriction has become the focus of interest as dietary regimen since the incidence of diseases such as, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and cancers (Anderson and Weindruch, 2012) are rising at a higher rate, posing health care challenges. Met is the first limiting AA in poultry diet. It has been used to compliment cancer treatment in humans (1) and improve metabolic health (2, 3). However, the liver also plays a vital role in Met metabolism giving that almost half of the daily intake is metabolized there. In addition to its action and as part of the one-carbon metabolic cycle, it can perform critical role in generating S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) which is the major methyl donor for a variety of biologically important reactions.

EPA and DHA act as hypolipidamics exert prophylactic effects on cardiovascular disease, protect against insulin resistance and obesity in rodent fed high diet and insulin response to glucose in healthy human (Ruzickowa et al.,2004).Polyun-saturated fatty acid (EPA and DHA) play a central role in normal development and functioning of the brain and central system (Schuchardt et al.,2010).They also have a role in regulating the inflammation whish is cauced by substances called pros-taglandins by producing anti-inflammatory prostaglandin.

Apart from lycopene, serum level of Ascorbic acid, alpha Tocopherol result consistent. The measurement of depletion is alpha Tocopherol = Retinol which effect on redox and immune system in both active and passive smokers. Lifestyle remodeling is compulsive for smokers with specific modulator because of the direct exposure on human plasma engender serious pulmonary abrasions. The direct exposure to hydrocarbon gas phase decline 80% of lycopene concentration by the formation of buccal mucosal cells. (69) In order to upgrade the biological activities at synergistic effect on homogenized samples with atherosclerotic plaques of (0.04 ± 0 .065mmol/mol) require contents of human carotid and iliac arteries at medicine and analytic chemistry. Further clarifications of retinoid are needed to be directive mainly at unstable impairment of conversions.(70) The correlated value of serum reflect biomarkers AST, ALT, Bilirubin, Triglyceride, oxaloacetic transaminase with 20-25 folds shorter leading to Alcoholic cirrhosis and Hepatic

Based from observations made in the early 1950s, Denham Harman proposed that functional decline in cells and tissues was due to cumulative effects of macromolecular damage caused by oxygen radicals produced by respiratory enzymes (Harman 1956). This theory proposes that superoxide and other free radicals cause damage to the macromolecular components of the cell, resulting in accumulated damage to cause cells, and eventually organs, to stop functioning, leading to the aging phenotype (Sohal and Weindruch 1996, Clancy and Birdsall 2013). Oxidative damage is thought to occur from an imbalance when the antioxidant systems are unable to counter all the free radicals continuously generated during the life of the cell.

The enhancing influence of OLE may possibly be associated to its multifunctional radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory

Alveolar type II (ATII) cells have a highly oxidative phenotype and numerous mitochondria (1). They are heavily dependent on mitochondrial function for energy generation required for pulmonary surfactant production, fluid transport and transdifferentation to alveolar type I cells to restore the epithelium after damage (2, 3). Cigarette smoking (CS) induces oxidative stress and is one of the most common causes of ATII cell injury and pulmonary emphysema. DJ-1 serves as a sensor of redox status and protect cells from oxidative stress (4). It is localized in the mitochondria, cytoplasm and nucleus. The oxidation of cysteine at position 106 (Cys106) to a sulfinate enhances DJ-1’s cytoprotective activity. We found further oxidized DJ-1 to

The effect different temperatures have on the rate that enzymes work was tested by this lab. The concentration of the enzyme catalase in different tissues was also tested. It was tested by pouring 5 ml of hydrogen peroxide over liver in different conditions and over a piece of meat and potato.

The overall impact of this study helps understand how temperature affects enzyme activity, and it is apparent that changes in temperature do have an effect on the enzyme catalase. The results obtained in the experiment a give increased insight in the role of enzymes in the human body. The chicken liver is similar to the human liver, and it is clear that catalase works at an optimum temperature of 22°C. This is important because humans maintain a stable body temperature of 37 °C, and with the aid of enzymes this temperature provides enough activation energy for metabolic reactions, in this case the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen gas and liquid water. The difference in the two living organisms is 15 C. A possible weakness in this study

PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids), which are abundant in brain, are most susceptible to oxidative injury and this self perpetuating destruction of PUFAs is known as lipid peroxidation [2]. Reactive oxygen compounds such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) do not directly react with DNA [3] but instead crosses the nuclear membrane and reacts with ions of iron or copper to form highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (OH.) which in turn reacts with DNA and alter its structure [4].Limited information is available in the literature on DNA damage in perinatal asphyxia. Oxidative stress can be assessed by the estimation of serum MDA and 8-OH-dG level. MDA and 8-OH-dG are markers of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage respectively. The present study was conducted to evaluate the oxidative stress markers in perinatal asphyxia and thus to ascertain their role in this

the defensive systems can be enzyme hunters of reactive oxygen species such as catalase enzyme etc. they can also be non-enzyme hunter molecules like certain vitamins like vitamin a c e also can consist of various antioxidants present in food chemical biological effects the oxidative stress can have two types of effects. they are:- chemical effects of oxidative stress is mainly due to increased production of reactive oxygen species reactive nitrogen species. due to this increased production of reactive species there is a decrease in the efficiency of antioxidant or detoxifying defences. the effect of oxidative stress depends upon the types of changes it brings. if changes are small cells can overcome these changes thus retains its original state. if the changes are moderate then oxidative stress can cause programmed cell death while on the other hand heavy or intense changes can cause either direct cell death or can cause any type of cell injury which ultimately causes cell death. the generation of ros is a destructive aspect of oxidative