The Effect Of Enzyme Activity Rate When Exposed

Beano’s chemistry, enzymes, and flatulence. During the project it stated that enzymes act like a key and lock mechanism. Enzymes can target specific molecules and only allow certain reactions to take place. There are also rate-determining factors that determine the speed of the enzyme reactions. Since enzymes are catalysts, they are not used up in a reaction; this means that other factors determine the rate of catalytic reactions. Rate of diffusion is a factor that can govern the rate of enzyme activity. Another factor that determines the rate of these reactions is the concentration of the substrate. The principle behind this is that more substrate molecules will increase the frequency of enzyme-substrate interactions. This will eventually

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, without being used up or changed. Catalase is a globular protein molecule that is found in all living cells. A globular protein is a protein with its molecules curled up into a 'ball' shape. All enzymes have an active site. This is where another molecule(s) can bind with the enzyme. This molecule is known as the substrate. When the substrate binds with the enzyme, a product is produced. Enzymes are specific to their substrate, because the shape of their active site will only fit the shape of their substrate. It is said that the substrate is complimentary to their substrate.

Enzymes are types of proteins that work as a substance to help speed up a chemical reaction (Madar & Windelspecht, 104). There are three factors that help enzyme activity increase in speed. The three factors that speed up the activity of enzymes are concentration, an increase in temperature, and a preferred pH environment. Whether or not the reaction continues to move forward is not up to the enzyme, instead the reaction is dependent on a reaction’s free energy. These enzymatic reactions have reactants referred to as substrates. Enzymes do much more than create substrates; enzymes actually work with the substrate in a reaction (Madar &Windelspecht, 106). For reactions in a cell it is

Note that the enzyme remains unchanged so that more of the some substrates can react.

Background and Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that process substrates, which is the chemical molecule that enzymes work on to make products. Enzyme purpose is to increase the rate of activity and speed up chemical reaction in a form of biological catalysts. The enzymes specialize in lowering the activation energy to start the process. Enzymes are very specific in their process, each substrate is designed to fit with a specific substrate and the enzyme and substrate link at the active site. The binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme is a very specific interaction. Active sites are clefts or grooves on the surface of an enzyme, usually composed of amino acids from different parts of the polypeptide chain that are brought together in the tertiary structure of the folded protein. Substrates initially bind to the active site by noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. Once a substrate is bound to the active site of an enzyme, multiple mechanisms can accelerate its conversion to the product of the reaction. But sometimes, these enzymes fail or succeed to increase the rate of action because of various factors that limit the action. These factors can be known as temperature, acidity levels (pH), enzyme and/or substrate concentration, etc. In this experiment, it will be tested how much of an effect

All enzymes are structured to react with unique substrates. and each enzyme has an active site where the substrate bonds to the enzyme. The active site of an enzyme is shaped to fit the specific substrate it reacts with.

Enzymes have an active site which has a complimentary base to a specific substrate, when these bind an enzyme-substrate complex is

enable the substrate to bind to the enzyme and form the enzyme substrate complex and

“Enzymes are proteins that have catalytic functions” [1], “that speed up or slow down reactions”[2], “indispensable to maintenance and activity of life”[1]. They are each very specific, and will only work when a particular substrate fits in their active site. An active site is “a region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds, and where the reaction occurs”[2].

Organisms cannot depend solely on spontaneous reactions for the production of materials because they occur slowly and are not responsive to the organism's needs (Martineau, Dean, et al, Laboratory Manual, 43). In order to speed up the reaction process, cells use enzymes as biological catalysts. Enzymes are able to speed up the reaction through lowering activation energy. Additionally, enzymes facilitate reactions without being consumed (manual,43). Each enzyme acts on a specific molecule or set of molecules referred to as the enzyme's substrate and the results of this reaction are called products (manual 43). As a result, enzymes promote a reaction so that substrates are converted into products on a faster pace (manual 43). Most enzymes are proteins whose structure is determined by its sequence of its amino acids. Enzymes are designed to function the best under physiological conditions of PH and temperature. Any change of these variables that change the conformation of the enzyme will destroy or enhance enzyme activity(manual, 43).

The products produced by the first reaction were used as a substrate for the second. In this case the enzyme used NADH, which resulted in the decreased absorbance due to the NADH oxidation to NAD+. In addition, the spectrophotometer was used as a measuring device to follow the change in absorbance of the NADH molecules at 340nm.

Each enzyme is very specific and can only catalyze a certain reaction. The specific reaction catalyzed by an enzyme depends on the molecular structure and shape of a small area of the enzyme’s surface called the active site. The active site an attract and hold only its specific molecules. The target molecule that the enzyme attracts and acts upon is called the substrate. The substrate and the active site of the molecule must fit together very closely. Sometimes the enzyme changes its shape slightly to bring about the necessary fit.

Enzymes are very specific in nature, which helps them in reactions. When an enzyme recognizes its specific substrate, the

Enzymes are natural catalysts that work from the ability to increase the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy of a reaction. (Blanco, Blanco 2017) An enzyme can do this 10^8- to 10^10 fold, sometimes even 10^15 fold. (Malacinsk, Freifelder 1998) The substrate will momentarily bind with the enzyme making the enzyme-substrate complex, of which the shape of the substrate is complimentary to the shape of the active site on the enzyme it is binding with. There are two main theories as to how an enzymes and substrates interact, the lock-and-key model and induced fit theory. The lock-and-key model suggests that the enzyme has a specific shape that fits the substrate and only that substrate. The induced fit theory says the active site and substrate are able to change shape or distort for the reaction to take place with (Cooper,

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and help reactions take place. In short, enzymes reduce the energy needed for a reaction to take place, permitting a reaction to take place more easily. Some enzymes are shape specific and reduce the energy for certain reactions. Enzymes have unique folds of the amino acid chain which result in specifically shaped active sites (Frankova Fry 2013). When substrates fit in the active site of an enzyme, then it is able to catalyze the reaction. Enzyme activity is affected by the concentrations of the enzymes and substrate present (Worthington 2010). As the incidence of enzyme increases, the rate of reaction increases. Additionally, as the incidence of substrate increases so does the rate of reaction.