The Effect Of Hyperglycemia On The Brain

Why are nerves often damaged in patients with diabetes mellitus, and what are some of the

Pittas (2003) expressed that, Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a chronic hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar level) condition, resulting from the deficit of insulin secretion, insulin action or both. There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, also called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and is cause by lack of insulin secretion by beta cells of the pancreas; Type 2 diabetes mellitus, also called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, is caused by decreased sensitivity of target tissues to insulin. In both types of diabetes mellitus, metabolism of all the food is altered. The effect of lack if insulin or insulin resistance of glucose metabolism is to prevent the efficient uptake and utilization of glucose by most cells of the body, except those of the brain. As a result of this, blood glucose concentration increases, cell utilization of glucose falls increasingly lower and utilization of fats and proteins

The nervous system consists of a complex network of nerve cells and fibers which transmit impulses between the different parts of the body. Diabetic neuropathy is a nerve disorder caused by diabetes where high blood glucose levels cause chemical changes in nerves, impairing their ability to transmit signals. It also damages the blood vessels which carry oxygen and nutrients to nerves. This nerve damage can lead to problems with every other body system, resulting in numbness, tingling sensations, limb pain, indigestion, diarrhea, constipation, dizziness, bladder infections, impotence, weakness and depression. Approximately 60% of diabetics are diagnosed with some form of neuropathy (Diabetes United Kingdom,

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common microvascular complications in diabetes and can result in foot ulceration, ampuation and an impaired quality of life(Carrington AL, et al 2002,Boulton AJ,et al 2004). The reported prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy ranges from 16% to as high as 66%2 and its prevelance is believed to increase with the duration of diabetes and poor glucose control.(Boulton AJ.et al 2000) It’s accounts for 50–75% of non-traumatic amputations in diabetic patients.(Holzer SE, et al 1998, Boulton AJM, 1998,Malay DS, et al 2006)

This project will aim to determine the response of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia to insulin. I hypothesize that insulin administration will increase viability, glucose uptake, and reduce pro-inflammatory responses in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia under both resting and injury conditions. I propose to investigate the effects of insulin on neuronal, microglial, and astrocytic

Globally, The number of patients with diabetes is increasing rapidly. By the year 2035, the number of people with diabetes worldwide is expected to rise to 592 million (IDF ATLAS 20131). Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes and a leading cause to amputations in hospitals (Boulton 20052). The prevalence of DPN is estimated to be 50-60% (Sandireddy R 20143). The pain associated with DPN can affect the patient quality of life (QOL). It affects their sleep, lifestyle, work and even can cause or be associated with depression (Jensen MP 20074). It is not well understood whether the mechanism behind peripheral neuropathy with diabetes is hyperglycemia or other insulting pathophysiological mechanism like proinflamatory immune mediators (Herder C 20135, Goh S-Y 20086). One of the possible mechanisms is the demyelination of the small C fiber, this is the leading cause behind the pain sensation with

Homeostasis is what physiological systems in our bodies do in order to maintain a stable internal environment. Stability is held together by the coordinated responses of the components involved to any stress or unfamiliar situation that the human body is put under that could disrupt its normal functioning conditions. Homeostasis must be maintained constantly in order for our bodies to be able to function properly and not under stress which could have major effects later on in life.

the observable neurodegenerative changes in the frontal cortex, dentate gyrus, and cerebellum after 4, 6,

the present study was conducted to determine the effects of different durations of hyperglycaemia on behavioural and cognitive parameters in young streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The glycemic control: several studies showed that intensive glycemic therapy can result in a statistically insignificant reduction in the development of neuropathy. (Callaghan BC, et al 2012) Support for a positive effect of intensive treatment comes from the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998) which revealed a statistically significant decrease in the risk of DPN with intensive treatment after 15 years duration of treatment. Overall, this controversial

"Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but a group of disorders with glucose intolerance in common" (McCance 674). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar) and results from defective insulin production, secretion, and utilization. There are many forms of diabetes. "Diabetes increases the risk of heart and blood vessel disease, amputation, infections, kidney damage, eye problems (including blindness), and nerve malfunction" (Husain). I will

Diabetes Mellitus is “a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities.

Glucose is the primary energy source for all living cells in the body, with the function of the brain heavily reliant on a constant supply of blood glucose to

Glucose has been found to have diverse effects on different strains of memory. Glucose, a simple sugar, is often found in carbohydrates and should be moderately ingested in one’s diet. It provides energy to not only the body, but allows the brain to function properly. Glucose travels across the blood-brain barrier through facilitated transport in order to do so. A lack of glucose can result in weakness and fatigue due to the brain attaining energy from one’s fat and muscles instead of sugar. This is often seen in individuals with eating disorders. A great deal of diets suggest that glucose should be reduced or even eliminated, but a multitude of studies and research show that attaining the right amount of glucose can have positive effects on

Most patients who have diabetes for an extended amount of time may end up with diabetic neuropathy, which is damage caused to the nerves; it affects the peripheral nerves, autonomic nerves, and focal nerves. From the high blood sugar, it can destroy parts of the patient’s blood vessels, heart, and kidneys. If diabetes is not treated, it will almost always cause heart disease or kidney disease.