The Effect Of Interval Training On Muscle Fatigue

Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to study the relationship between cellular respiration in the muscles, and muscle fatigue due to lactate fermentation in anaerobic respiration.

Brooks GA, Fahey TD, Baldwin KM (2005). Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Application. 4th Edition

Four interval times (PR, RT, TP and RR) measured in seconds were recorded both with the subject at rest and after the subject had exercised. The PR and RT intervals remained virtually unchanged with the PR intervals remaining the same both before and after exercise with an interval time of 0.15 seconds, and the RT interval increase by 0.01 seconds from 0.37 at rest to 0.38 seconds after exercise. More substantial changes were noted in TP and RR intervals. The TP interval decreasing from 0.32 seconds at rest to just 0.08 seconds after exercise, a decrease of 0.24 seconds (just 25% of the resting 0.32 seconds). The RR interval decreased from 0.84 seconds at rest to 0.61 seconds seconds after exercise, a decrease of 0.23 seconds

In this assignment I will be reviewing the different effects of exercise on the body system including the acute and long term using the pre-exercise, exercise and post-exercise physiological data which I collected based on interval and continuous training method. I will also be including the advantages and disadvantages of these, also the participants’ strengths and areas where they can improve on.

(2014). A Consideration of the Paradigm of Exercise Physiology. Research In Sports Medicine, 22(3), 314-322.

A study by (Bulbulian, 1996) showed that aerobic capacity can be increased by high intensity interval training rather than through steady state, long aerobic training. This study also showed that repeated sprints with minimal rest intervals could increase VO2max; therefore decrease recovery time (Bulbulian, 1996). These factors have to be kept in mind when training an athlete of this caliber. All aspects of energy production should be trained including the ATP-PC system for short explosive movements, including the initial pitch or quick reaction towards the ball; glycolysis for both anaerobic and aerobic recovery and the aerobic system for from muscular endurance to be able to recover the energy in muscles needed for continuous pitching. It is important for a pitcher to have a well-balanced work out regime to improve all aspects of the sport. Creating a yearlong schedule to improve these aspects is the goal for the periodization program. The implementation of sport specific exercises and understanding how the body works, with inclusion of recovery time, and metabolic pathways for energy expenditure, will influence the success of both the program and the

The anaerobic threshold (AT), also called the “lactate threshold,” is the exertion level between aerobic and anaerobic training. The AT is the point during exercise where your body must switch from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism. Anaerobic exercise consists of weightlifting, sprinting, and jumping. Once an athlete reaches its anaerobic threshold, lactic acid builds up in the muscles faster than it can be cleared away resulting in muscle cramps. The AT is a useful measure for deciding exercise intensity for training and racing in endurance sports. On average untrained individuals have a low AT (approximately 55 % of VolumeO2max), and elite endurance athletes have a high AT (approx. 80 - 90% of VolumeO2max). lactate threshold.(1) Studies have been conducted on finding methods of improving anaerobic threshold. Lately High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become a popular training modality in competitive athletes, recreationally-trained individuals, and clinical populations. HIIT consists of repeated bouts of short to moderate duration exercise

The immune system can be affected by overtraining. The increased training load can place increased physical stress on the body, which can cause the body to become defenseless against infections. Hackney and Koltun (2012) mentioned that it is believed that tissue trauma from excessive exercise can produce an abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines which can lead to a sickness response. Impaired pro-inflammatory cytokines includes interleukin 1 beta (IL-1b), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines also leads to an up-regulation of humoral immunity and suppression of the immune responses. The development of cell-mediated immuno-suppression increases the risk of upper respiratory infection (URI). URI causes illness-like symptoms and compromises physical performance, and is mainly seen in marathon runners (Hackney & Koltun, 2012).

I know that the more times I skip, lactic acid will build up in my legs, from my own experience this makes you fell horrible. As our bodies perform strenuous exercise, we begin to breathe faster as we attempt to move more oxygen to our working muscles. The body prefers to generate most of its energy using aerobic methods, meaning with oxygen. The cells follow the aerobic process when the blood supplies enough oxygen to the cells, which is:- Glucose+ oxygen—>Carbon Dioxide+ water+ Energy. But when the blood cannot get the needed oxygen to the cells, it has to get the energy from the glucose in another way. The cells use the anaerobic pathway; It does this then by breaking glucose down into lactic acid, Glucose—>Lactic Acid+ Energy. Lactic acid is released into the muscles when they have used up glucose stores but still have intense energy needs. Small amounts of lactic acid operate as a temporary energy source, which helps you avoid fatigue during a workout. However, a build-up of lactic acid during a workout can create burning sensations in the muscles that can slow down or halt your activity. This is not an effective energy source for long periods of exercise, so the blood takes lactic acid to the liver which coverts it back into glucose to be used in the normal aerobic process. Scientist are always looking into ways to decrease lactic acid build up in elite athletes so they can perform faster

It was hypothesized that intermittent exercise bouts are more effective than moderate continuous training, because participants will be able to exercise long and therefore, will have a greater work output. The main findings from this lab can be categorized into three sections, heart rate during exercise bout refer to figure 1. Total work over exercise type, refer to figure 2. Time to fatigue over exercise type, refer to figure 3.

(1993), investigating the effects of moderate intensity exercise training on four older individuals on muscle energy utilization, blood flow, and exercise performance. For 12 weeks, each subject trained their dominant arm each day, while their non-dominant arm was served as a control and was not trained. A 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to detect the power output the threshold of intracellular acidosis (IT) to test for fatigue. IT increased 14% on the dominant arm after 6 weeks of training, but there weren’t further increases in IT. Power increased 34% at 6 weeks and 58% at 12 weeks. The training delayed fatigue form IT and increased the capacity for submaximal work and did not depend of muscle blood

Muscle fatigue can occur for a number of reasons, but it often happens due to intensive exercises. Placing a large amount of strain on your muscle for extended periods of time can cause it to weaken. During muscle fatigue, the muscle fails to produce enough force. Therefore, things like running and walking become difficult to do and should be put on the back burner until the muscle has a chance to heal and rest. In order to promote healing and reduce pain in your muscle, there are a number of herbal remedies that you can use.

An individual engaged in vigorous exercise demands much more energy than a sedentary individual. The supplied energy during a 100 meter sprint or a marathon run comes at a cost, which is the production of ATP (Hill et al.). At the beginning of exercise the body relies on the glycogen stores in muscle that aids in ATP production. Eventually, glucose levels in muscles begin to decrease as the activity continues, it’s also thought that insufficient glucose causes tiredness (Hill et al.) . Glucose must be provided continuously in order to satisfy one’s energy demands. Consequently, glucose is delivered by blood to the muscles. Fatty acids also contribute to the process of generating energy when glucose levels are low, which are broken down to

and the longer it takes to "reload". Therefore, you’d need more time to recover. The study alluded to earlier used rest intervals that were 1.5 times greater than the work intervals (6 seconds work: 9 seconds rest). Based on these findings, a 15-second work interval would require a minimum of 22 seconds rest. However, if you’re new to interval training I would recommend starting with a work-to-rest ratio of 1:3. This means that if you work hard for 15 seconds, give yourself 45 seconds to recover. As you become fitter, then you can reduce the amount of recovery. Yuri p.s. Get the best interval training workouts around by clicking here! Reference: Christmass, M.A., Dawson, B., & Arthur, P.G. (1999). Effect of work and recovery duration on skeletal muscle oxygenation and fuel use during sustained intermittent exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 80, 436-447

The use of short intervals, commonly known as anaerobic intervals, range between ten seconds and two minutes with a work rest ratio of 1:3, meaning for every ten seconds an athlete works, they need to rest for thirty seconds (Browne & Clarke, 2010). It is designed to overload the anaerobic energy systems. Maximal effort repetitions are designed to improve the ATP-PC stores within the muscles, whereas longer efforts aim to improve the body being able to tolerate lactic acid within the blood stream. Athletes and coaches use anaerobic endurance training to develop the speed components of different sports (Figure 1 outlines the way running and swimming can be incorporated in an anaerobic interval