The Effect Of Perfusion On The Body As Well As The Multiple Body Systems That Are Effected From Poor Perfusion

As mentioned above, strokes are pathophysiological changes. Ischemia which accounts for 87% of all strokes is a decrease or absent circulating blood which deprives neurons of necessary substrates. As there is no storage of glucose in the brain it leaves no opportunity for the chief ingredient for energy substrate and is incapable of anaerobic metabolism (Shah, MD, n.d.). Ischemia is a medical condition diagnosed when tissues do not have a sufficient oxygen supply, therefor resulting in a decrease in ATP energy, leading to necrosis of tissue. Decreased oxygen supply to tissue (ischemia) is caused by a blockage in an artery mainly from an embolism. An embolism is the breakage of an atherosclerosis formed in any coronary arteries. This floats freely in the blood stream, which eventually may plug a major artery in the brain (stroke), heart (MI) or lungs (lung failure). A thrombus occurs when an already

Thousands of babies are born a day in the United States. One out every 691 babies born has Down syndrome, a disorder caused by an extra copy of the chromosome twenty one. In short, this syndrome shortens the person’s life span, and causes assorted severity of mental retardation. Those carrying this extra chromosome have flattened noses, rounder faces, are petite in size, and are much more prone to additional unhealthy disturbances or effects on substantial systems in the body.

Mr. Steward’s priority problems include impaired cardiac tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, and pain. We are concerned about impaired cardiac tissue perfusion because the pt. is exhibiting signs of myocardial ischemia including chest pain and shortness of breath (Gillespie, 2012). Although we acknowledge that impaired cardiac tissue perfusion can decrease the function of the heart and will have the potential to affect the perfusion and delivery of oxygen to other end organs, our primary focus will be a focused cardiovascular assessment (House-Kokan, 2012). At 1800, Mr. Steward was SOB, had shallow and rapid breathing (RR = 44), and a SaO2 of 72% on RA. Due to the fluid buildup in his lungs, Mr. Steward has impaired gas exchange, and requires supplemental oxygen to maintain his SaO2; this warrants a focused respiratory assessment.

This edema would causes tissue destruction or death, the problem is avoided by the presence of lymphatic vessels that act as "drains" to collect the excess fluid and return it to the venous blood just before it reaches the heart.

Strokes are the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. There are many instances when strokes are preventable. Stroke recovery is a process that lasts a lifetime. Many stroke victims are no longer able to help themselves afterwards. A team of people from a hospital in Osaka, Japan decided to see if stroke volume variation could be used as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in patients undergoing airway pressure release ventilation. Stroke volume variation is the naturally occurring sensation in which the arterial pulse pressure rises and falls during breathing due to changes in ventilation.

Interstitial space. This leads to a considerable interstitial oedema. The vasodilatation and fluid loss in the interstitium causes hypovolemia.

With the subjective and objective data, the patient appears to be having a stroke. This patient risk factors included age, diabetes, high cholesterol and obesity. A stroke is the interruption of normal blood flow in one or more of the blood vessels that supply the brain. The tissues become ischemic leading to hypoxia or anoxia with destruction of necrosis of the neurons, glia and vasculature.

Transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) has been an upcoming cause of transfusion related mortality. It is characterized by the sudden development of non cardiac related pulmonary edema after transfusion of blood products. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in the past two reporting years, it has been the leading cause of transfusion related deaths. It is of severe importance for physicians, nurses and also laboratory scientists to become familiar with the presentations of TRALI since many cases will remain unnoticed or will be misdiagnosed as fluid overload, or acute lung injury of other etiology.

Presented with the post-operative assessments of Mr. George Jensen who suffered from an open fracture of his right tibia and fibula and underwent an Open Reduction and External Fixation procedure, a nurse can tell that he is experiencing post-operative Hypovolaemia.

Nursing Diagnosis 1: Ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion related to interruption of blow flow secondary to CVA. Evidence by patient medical diagnosis of CVA. (Carpenito 2014)

The article, “Few US stroke patients get blot-busting treatment”, written by Lisa Rapaport, discusses the probability of ischemic stroke patients to receive a specific treatment called thrombolysis. Thrombolysis is a type of therapy that helps dissolve blood clots, in this case, blood clots in the brain that causes stroke. According to the article, those who receive this treatment have fewer post-stroke problems. In order to receive this treatment and have it be successful, patients must arrive at a hospital with the proper tools to provide the therapy within four and a half hours of showing symptoms of stroke. Many patients, however, do not arrive at the hospital soon enough because they are unaware of the symptoms of stroke. On the other hand, some patients arrive to a hospital on time, but they are unable to receive thrombolysis because their hospital do not carry the right tools. Hospitals that do have the right tools are typically found where there is a higher proportion of college graduates. In a research study conducted from 2007 to 2010 by James Bruke, a neurologist, and his colleagues, they found that patients who received thrombolysis were about 78 years old, mostly white, and had other health issues such as heart problems or diabetes. Of the 844,241 people they studied, they found that only about four percent of them was actually able to undergo this treatment. The chances of patients obtaining thrombolysis depend on where they are geographically located. For

Shock is a life-threatening condition that results from inadequate tissue perfusion (Hinkle J.L., 285). Although there are many different types and causes of shock, there are some characteristics that are common to all types of shock. Shock causes hypoperfusion of all tissues, hypermetabolism of tissues and cells, activation of the inflammatory response system, and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. In addition to treating the cause of shock state, treatment of shock typically includes managing the airway, breathing, and circulation, starting intravenous (IV) fluids, and administering appropriate medications.

Free radicals are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of reperfusion abnormalities including myocardial stunning, irreversible injury, and reperfusion arrhythmias. Free radical accumulation has been measured in ischemic and reperfused myocardium directly using techniques such as electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and tissue chemiluminescence and indirectly using biochemical assays of lipid per oxidation products. In Ischemia free radicals are generated in myocytes, vascular endothelium, and leukocytes. Injury to processes involved in regulation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration may be a common mechanism underlying both free radical- induced and reperfusion abnormalities.

Other sign that you have limited supply routes and decreased blood stream is shortness of breath. For this situation, your lungs won't get the important blood to work

One of the major components of the SYNTAX score that enhances its predictive value on the eventual achievement of microvascular perfusion is the patency (or otherwise) of the infarct related artery (IRA). An occluded IRA has been shown to be associated with a worse post-procedural myocardial perfusion (TIMI myocardial perfusion grade of 3” 54.9% versus 18.7%”, p <0.0001). Patency of the IRA often signifies earlier spontaneous reperfusion, which reduces the actual ischemic time. As a result, infarction size is limited, and improvement in the left ventricular ejection fraction is greater in such patients, which is reflected in improved 1-year