The Effect Of Plasma Metabolome Following Dietary Depletion And Supplementation Of Thiamine Pyrophosphate

• The lack of functional aldolase B results in accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate in liver cells.

Beta- carotene is an organic compound categorized as a terpenoid (Gutiérrez, & Gonzalez, 2010). Naturally, it is a predecessor of vitamin A, and found in several yellow fruits and vegetables. These organic nutrients play a vital role in aiding vision, skin growth, and bone development. In addition to these crucial roles, Beta-carotene may be of significant help in regulating the blood sugar in diabetic persons (Gutiérrez, & Gonzalez, 2010). Human bodies regulate blood sugar levels with the help of the hormone called insulin. In the absence or inadequate supply of this hormone, an individual is said to be diabetic. Diabetes may results in solemn conditions such as blindness, heart diseases, and stroke. Over the years, medical

This latter point is often argued by some pigment cell biologists to be irrelevant in terms of mammals since, presumably, mammals produce only one pigment cell type - the melanocyte [lo]. However, recent investigations give credence to the belief that other compounds (particularly those found in the other pigment cell types of lower vertebrates) might play significant roles, not only in pigmentation but in normal metabolic functions as well. Alterations in the normal role of these compounds have been linked to several diseases including hyperuricemia [l 11 and tumor formation (Sally K. Frost and George M.

THs exert a wide series of effects acting upon virtually all tissues in the organism( Venditti ,et al.,2003). The actions derived from the THs are not well known and seem to differ significantly. For instance, diiodothyronin (T2) produces metabolic effects similar to those of T3 (Lanni,et al.,1996) whereas thyronamines oppose its actions (Venditti, et al.,2011), at least at the mitochondrial level .The known actions of the THs can be grossly classified in two general processes: regulation of growth and development, and metabolism regulation. The metabolic effects of THs are

Figure 3 shows the percentage of gain in body mass compared to the initial mass of the body at the 6, 12, and 18-week time points. The vitamin D deficient groups showed the lowest percentage of body mass gain compared to the vitamin fed groups. Even though smoking was independent, and played no affect in body mass, the smoking vitamin D deficient mouse showed the lowest body mass gain at every single point.

Why did the metabolic rates differ between the normal rat and the surgically altered rats? How well did the results compare with your prediction? ___

Distribution of Mn in the body is dependent on the mitochondrial content of tissues, with the greatest deposition in mitochondrial-rich tissues such as bone, liver, kidneys, pituitary gland, and pancreas (J. Freeland-Graves., 2005). The liver plays a major role in the excretion of surplus Mn, and helps in maintenance of Mn homeostasis (C. Davis 1992). Excess Mn is secreted into the bile by the liver, and subsequently excreted through the feces (EFSA, 2013). Thus, hepatic dysfunction may result in Mn imbalance, thereby causing deficiency or toxicity of this mineral (J. Crossgrove and W. Zheng 2004). Alternatively, Mn can be excreted through pancreatic juices and be reabsorbed into the lumen of duodenum and jejunum (R. Allinson 1978).

It was previous thought that WAT is only an energy storage facility. Research has also shown that WAT aids in the homeostasis of lipids and provides a buffering system postprandial. Postprandial, adipocytes uptake fatty acids while suppressing the release of non-esterified fatty acids into circulation. This action becomes extremely important when buffering no longer takes place due to storage limits of the adipocytes. The following elevated concentrations of triglycerides, fatty acids and inappropriate location storage, including liver, skeletal muscle and pancreatic beta cells leading to metabolic complications (Frayn 2002, Virtue and Vidal-Puig 2008).

These traits differ among species and within different climate regions. Selman et al. (2001) found that mice bred for low food intake (high stress treatment) had a significantly higher metabolic rate than mice bred for high food intake ( low stress treatment ). They also concluded that hairless mice also had a significantly higher metabolic rate than those mice with hairs. These findings together indicate that morphological features which help with insulation of body heat and diet contribute the range of the TMZ.

Vitamin and mineral deficiencies can become a problem and should be a significant concern for health care providers. Some of the nutrients of concern include: Vitamin B-12, Iron, Omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc. A deficiency in any of these can lead to a variety of health problems. A deficiency in B-12 can cause fatigue and, although less likely, anemia. The risk of anemia is increased greatly in the presence of inflammatory bowl disease. Deficiency of Omega-3 fatty acid, which is also of concern with a vegetarian diet, increases the risk of both colitis and Crohn’s disease. An increased homocysteine level, which is an early sign of heart disease, is also associated with low levels of vitamin B12. Iron deficiency is also problematic for vegetarians, possibly leading to iron deficiency anemia. While it is found in some beans and vegetables, iron is most easily absorbed from red meat sources. Zinc is a mineral required for many processes, including supporting a healthy immune system. Deficiencies will cause patients to be more susceptible to pathogens and

Animals: Nine Sprague-Dawley male rats aged 50 days, and weighing 605 ± 7.2 g were purchased from Samtako Bio Co. (Osan, Korea). Upon arrival, rats were fed a basal purified diet (standard rodent chow) and housed in individual cages on pine shavings under controlled conditions of light (12h light/12h dark), temperature (22 ± 2 °C) and humidity (50 ± 20%). All experimental procedures were performed according to the national institute guidelines for animal care and use approved by the animal ethics committee of Chungnam National University (approval letter no. CNU-00659). After a week acclimation period, rats (9) were divided into three diet groups based on the EVA concentration for 11 weeks. The control diet (n = 3) comprised standard rodent chow (SeoulFeed Co. Ltd, Incheon, Korea) ground into powder using a laboratory mill. Diet 2 (low-dose, n = 3) was made mixing 3 mg EVA powder/kg b.w with standard rodent chow, and the third diet (high-dose, n = 3) was made mixing 15 mg EVA powder/kg b.w with standard rodent chow. Rats had free access to drinking water during the entire experimental period.

Trifunctional protein (TFP) deficiency is a fatty acid oxidation disorder in which the body has difficulty breaking down fat into energy for the body to utilize. Although the body prefers metabolizing glucose as its main source of energy, there are limited amounts available. When the body has depleted these glycogen stores, the body turns to breaking down fats as an alternative source of energy especially during long periods without food such as sleeping or fasting (“Mitochondrial”).

The purpose of this experiment is that investigating the potential effects of peripheral ghrelin administration on triglyceride content, mitochondrial and lipid metabolism gene expression in rat liver and muscle. According to the previous report, the gastric hormone, Ghrelin, is increased during caloric restriction and fat depletion. The data can be interrupted as followed. First, Ghrelin reduces triglyceride content and increase mitochondrial oxidative capacity in rat mixed skeletal muscle. Second, it favors expression of lipogenetic genes in white adipose tissue. Third, the hormone increase triglyceride content and modifies lipid metabolism gene expression in rat liver. Ghrelin induces lipid metabolism gene expression favoring triglyceride

Although Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin that is a vital component of the four primary carboxylase enzymes that scientist see in humans. In Japan there was a formula that did not contain sufficient amounts of biotin for infants. From seeing this, researchers then decided to take their study and practice on mice and see how they react to the formula that showed that the infants were lacking biotin from this ketogenic formula. “Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the ketogenic diet on biotin status in mice. Methods: Male mice (N = 32) were divided into the following groups: control diet group, biotin-deficient (BD) diet

We are required to obtain certain amount of nutrients from food. Food can simply divide into 2 groups, macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients composition. Both of the groups mentioned do affect the metabolism rate. According to Hulbert and Else, dietary fatty acid will affect the metabolism rate and some of the polyunsaturated fatty acid will increase the metabolism rate (1999). Meanwhile, different kinds of animals have their own unique requirement for macro-nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates and fat. Moreover, most of the food intake is driven by achieving the required protein intake. Animals on a low protein diet will over eat carbohydrates and fat until the protein requirement has been satisfied. If this case