The Effect Of Process Parameters On Microstructure And Hardness Of Surface Modified High Carbon Steel

Welding must be done carefully to avoid contamination and machining must be done precisely. Titanium is very reactive to atmospheric gases and can result in degradation in the material. Titanium is weldable in annealing conditions but provide limited weld ductility and heat affected zone ductility. It can also be significantly strengthened by cold working.

The optimal grinding parameters for AISI 316 Stainless steel are predicted based on simulated annealing algorithm using MAT lab. The developed empirical models, Equation 3, 4 and 5 are used as the fitness functions for determining the material removal rate, roundness and surface roughness value of each new point. The optimization was run for several iterations and terminated when there was no change in fitness function. The simulation results are shown in Fig. 3. The optimal grinding parameters for maximum material removal rate, minimum roundness, minimum surface roughness and minimum COF are predicted and presented in the Table 5. The optimal grinding parameters obtained for maximum material removal rate result in very high roundness which

Overall, the 1018 and 1045 steel specimens displayed similar relationships between the heat-treating procedures. The 1045 steel had a greater tensile strength in all states except for the quenched state. In general, the 1018 steel specimens were more ductile than the 1045 steel specimens in all states.

* Coating material for manufacture of electrical steel from 7.5 per cent to 5 per cent

Sample 1 demonstrated characteristics of a medium carbon steel. It softened during the annealing process and progressively hardened with each increase in quench rate.

BlueScope Steel is an Australia company with manufacturing facilities in Australia & New Zealand. The company also establishes the production facilities in other countries such as China, and South Asia in Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand. In South Asia, the company has established the production facilities in India and Sri

The solution process is operated at a temperature ranging from 1725 degree F to 1850 degree F clubbed with a sir cooling treatment. And the heat treatment process reacts to temperature of 1325 degree Fahrenheit for eight hours long while the temperature runs down to 1150 degree F accompanied by air cooling treatment. This two process unfolds its durability in terms of tensile and strength at the room temperature. An amalgamation of the notch rupture, ductility as well as rupture life impacts the processing of the alloy. Pay a bit attention to its hardness as well. Especially would see that this called the alloy which is hardened by the process of heating.In order to make the optimum use various solution and aging treatments are executed.

Steel is an alloy primarily containing iron with slight amounts of carbon carefully controlled. Steel provided both the strength of cast iron and ductility of wrought-iron, making it a viable option for constructing tall buildings, particularly the construction of skyscapers.2 These two factors enabled steel to be molded into strong frames that did not require additional bracing for support, unlike iron. Therefore, steel made building light and tall structures a feasible idea. The primary type of steel favored for constructing tall structures were carbon steel. Carbon steel is a type of steel made from iron and a tiny amount of carbon (2% to be exact). Iron is quite soft in its pure form, yet by blasting it in a furnace, it becomes hard. However, this process results in the iron becoming more brittle at the same time due to the high content of carbon as well as other impurities. In order to make it less brittle, carbon is extracted from the iron until only a precise amount remains, creating steel. Iron is used because it is fairly strong despite being brittle after coming out of the furnace and is also very abundant. Carbon is used to make the iron stronger, and by controlling the amount of carbon in the iron, the iron becomes less brittle. Through this process, steel is

One way that this is thought to have been achieved is alternating hard bands of iron with softer more flexible bands of iron giving you the best of both worlds. Another thought is that they where made with a small amount of vanadium. This might have been what gave Damascus steel its amazing strength. now how it got the name is still a matter of opinion. Most people would think that the reason that they are called Damascus is that that is where they are made. There is a though that they might be named after that man that first made them. It is thought that the man that first made the Damascus steel is in faced named Damashqu, and that is where they got there legendary name. This steel was originally made using ore from a mine. This ore had a certain chemical composition, and well for lack of a better word this mine was mind tell it was empty, so they just ran out of the material used to make the steel. To attempt to artificially create this chemical composition would be very

Surface engineering is one of the discipline of materials science which deals with the surface of solid matter. Environmental degradation of the material surface over time can be caused by wear, corrosion, fatigue and creep. Surface technology involves altering the properties of the surface phase in order to reduce the degradation over time. This is accomplished by making the surface resistance to the environment in which it will be used. The properties can be enhanced by using surface coating technologies for improving its wear, temperature, abrasive resistance

Graphene is easy to make you only need Scotch tape and some pencil lead (carbon is not lead it is graphite). It is one of the most versatile elements and is in all forms of steel. Due to graphite being so soft it is a great lubricant and can be bought in a very fine powder for that application. Diamonds are one of the hardest material. Diamonds have found applications in jewelry to tools and equipment. The best tools you can buy have micro diamonds inserted into the metal of the tools. Diamond drill bits are able to drill into hardened metal without breaking or severely disfiguring the bits. However if you heat diamonds up to much they will be oxidized into carbon dioxide. Fires make micro diamonds that almost immediately burn up. The structural difference of these two forms are interesting. The graphite has a hexagonal structure, and the diamond has a square crystalline structure which accounts for its hardness. Since carbon is a group 4a element, meaning it has two inner electrons and four outer and needs four or to give four electrons to get its perfect form, and most bonds of carbon are hexagonal or like a tree with branches coming off from the carbon. Carbon has the highest number of possible bonds of all of the elements, which is why it is the basis of life and organisms are able to be so different.

For example, the cold and hot rolled steel, 1095 steel and the aluminum alloy samples consisted of metallic bonds while the HDPE samples consisted of covalent bonds. Metallic bonds are generally good ductility, strength and electrical conductivity1. One specific characteristic of metallic bonds from other primary atomic bonds is that it joins a bulk of metal atoms together. Moreover, their valence electrons delocalize and form a sea of electrons by the donation of valence electrons of its electropositive atoms1. As the experiment confirmed, metallic bonds attractive forces and the bonding bulk of metal atoms give metals great strength. Moreover, its malleability and easy break of local bonds also make metallic bonds have good

Steel products were defined by several attributes which determined the product application and defined quality. Grade described the metallic (chemical) composition of the steel, or the elements added to the basic recipe of iron and carbon to create the desired properties. Product described the shape of the product, including semi-finished shapes (blooms, billets and bars) and finished shapes (wires and coils). Surface finish described the smoothness and polish that could be applied to the material’s surface to enhance presentation. Size described the latitudinal and longitudinal dimensions of the product. Structural quality described the absence of breaks in the inner metallic structure. Surface quality described the absence of cracks or seams on the surface. Because specific applications called for specific attributes, many products were customized along one or more attributes for the customer. However, of all attributes, customers valued most the grade, which determined product performance.

Steel is manufactured as a globally tradable product with no major trade barriers across national boundaries to be seen currently. There is also no inherent resource related constraints which may significantly affect production of the same or its capacity creation to respond to demand increases in the global market. Even the government policy restrictions have been negligible worldwide and even if there are any the same to respond to specific conditions in the market and have always been temporary. Therefore, the industry in general and at a global level is unlikely to throw up substantive competition issues in any national policy framework. Further, there are no natural monopoly characteristics in steel. Therefore, one may not expect complex competition issues as those witnessed in industries like telecom, electricity, natural gas, oil, etc.

Steel production in India has increased by a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8 % over the period 2002-03 to 2006-07. Growth in India is subjected to be higher than the world average, as the per capita consumption of steel in India, at around 46 kg, whereas the world average (150 kg) and that of developed countries (400 kg). Indian demand is projected to rise to 200 million tonnes by 2015. Considering the strong demand scenario, most global steel players are aiming for a major expansion, either through Brownfield or Greenfield route. By 2020, steel production capacity in India is expected to touch 275 million tones. Greenfield projects and Brownfield projects are estimated to add 28.7 million tones and 40.5 million tones respectively to the existing capacity of 55 million tonnes.